Key Insights
The Latin American automotive air filter market, valued at approximately $XX million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, exceeding a 5% CAGR from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, the increasing vehicle ownership across the region, particularly in rapidly developing economies like Brazil and Mexico, is driving demand for both OEM and aftermarket air filters. Secondly, stricter emission regulations are compelling vehicle owners to replace air filters more frequently to maintain engine performance and comply with environmental standards. The growing popularity of passenger cars compared to commercial vehicles contributes to this trend, as passenger car owners often prioritize regular maintenance for optimal vehicle performance. The preference for paper air filters due to their cost-effectiveness is a notable segment trend. However, the market faces challenges, including fluctuating raw material prices and economic instability in certain Latin American countries, potentially impacting purchasing power and affecting sales of aftermarket air filters specifically. The market segmentation reveals significant opportunities for companies like S&B Filters Inc., Mann+Hummel, and Purolator Filters LLC, who can cater to the diverse needs of OEMs and the burgeoning aftermarket sector with their range of products, spanning different material types (paper, gauze, foam) and vehicle types (passenger cars, commercial vehicles). The market's strong growth trajectory is expected to persist given the ongoing automotive industry development and infrastructural improvements within Latin America.
The market's competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established international players and local manufacturers. International players benefit from economies of scale, technological advancements, and established distribution networks, while local manufacturers benefit from better regional understanding and cost advantages. Growth in the aftermarket segment is anticipated to be particularly robust driven by increasing awareness about air filter maintenance and its effect on fuel efficiency and engine longevity. The forecast indicates consistent growth across all segments, with paper air filters maintaining a significant market share due to price sensitivity, yet foam and gauze filters gaining traction due to superior performance characteristics. Further growth will depend on the continued economic progress of the region, government policies promoting automotive maintenance, and the introduction of innovative air filter technologies.

Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market: A Comprehensive Market Report (2019-2033)
This dynamic report provides a detailed analysis of the Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market, offering invaluable insights for industry stakeholders, investors, and strategic decision-makers. Covering the period from 2019 to 2033, with a focus on 2025, this report leverages extensive data and expert analysis to provide a clear picture of current market conditions and future growth trajectories. The report incorporates detailed segmentation by material type, filter type, vehicle type, and sales channel, offering a granular understanding of market dynamics. Key players like S&B Filters Inc, Allena Group, K&N Engineering, and others are profiled, highlighting their competitive strategies and market share.
Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Market Structure & Competitive Landscape
The Latin American automotive air filter market exhibits a moderately fragmented structure, with several key players competing for market share. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) for 2025 is estimated at xx, indicating a moderately competitive landscape. Innovation, particularly in filtration technology and material science, is a significant driver, with companies continuously seeking to improve filter efficiency, lifespan, and environmental impact. Regulatory pressures, such as emission standards and environmental regulations, influence product development and market dynamics. Substitutes, such as alternative filtration systems, pose a limited but growing threat. The market is segmented by end-users based on vehicle type (passenger cars and commercial vehicles), leading to variations in demand and product specifications. M&A activity in the market is moderate, with xx deals recorded between 2019 and 2024, predominantly involving smaller players consolidating to enhance market presence.
- Market Concentration: HHI (2025): xx
- M&A Activity (2019-2024): xx deals
- Key Innovation Drivers: Improved filtration efficiency, extended lifespan, eco-friendly materials.
- Regulatory Impacts: Emission standards, environmental regulations.
- End-User Segmentation: Passenger cars, Commercial Vehicles
Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Market Trends & Opportunities
The Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market is experiencing significant growth, driven by factors such as the rising sales of passenger and commercial vehicles, increasing awareness of air quality, and stringent government emission norms. The market size is projected to reach xx Million by 2025, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). Technological advancements in filter materials and designs are transforming the market, with a growing focus on high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and advanced filtration technologies. Consumer preferences are shifting towards filters offering enhanced performance, durability, and environmental benefits. The competitive landscape is characterized by both established international players and regional manufacturers, leading to intense competition and innovation. Market penetration rates for advanced filter types are increasing steadily, with xx% penetration for HEPA filters projected by 2033. This growth is further fueled by expanding automotive production in major Latin American economies and rising disposable incomes, driving vehicle ownership.

Dominant Markets & Segments in Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market
Brazil and Mexico constitute the dominant markets within Latin America, accounting for xx% of the total market value in 2025. Growth in these countries is fueled by robust automotive production and a burgeoning aftermarket.
Dominant Segments:
- Material Type: Paper air filters maintain a dominant market share due to cost-effectiveness, but the adoption of foam and gauze air filters is increasing for specific applications.
- Type: Intake filters dominate the market, owing to mandatory requirements across most vehicles, while cabin air filter segment is experiencing strong growth due to increasing consumer focus on air quality within the vehicle cabin.
- Vehicle Type: Passenger cars lead the market, followed by commercial vehicles, with growth in the latter segment expected to be faster.
- Sales Channel: The aftermarket segment shows higher growth potential compared to OEMs due to a larger vehicle parc in the region.
Key Growth Drivers:
- Expanding automotive manufacturing in key regions.
- Growing vehicle parc.
- Increasing consumer awareness of air quality.
- Government regulations promoting cleaner vehicles.
Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Product Analysis
The automotive air filter market features a range of products catering to diverse vehicle types and performance needs. Innovations focus on enhancing filtration efficiency, extending filter life, and reducing pressure drop. Competitive advantages stem from superior filtration technologies, cost-effectiveness, and robust distribution networks. The market is witnessing a shift towards advanced filter media, such as nanofiber filters, and integration with sensor technologies for real-time monitoring of filter performance. These advancements enhance vehicle performance and fuel efficiency, while meeting stringent emission standards.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market
Key Drivers: Rising vehicle sales, stringent emission norms, improving air quality concerns, and technological advancements in filter design and materials are the major drivers propelling the market forward.
Challenges: Fluctuations in raw material prices, economic volatility in some Latin American countries, and competition from low-cost manufacturers pose significant challenges. Supply chain disruptions and the prevalence of counterfeit products also impact market growth. These challenges translate into cost pressures and inconsistent product quality.
Growth Drivers in the Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Market
The expanding automotive sector in Latin America, driven by rising disposable incomes and favorable government policies promoting vehicle ownership, is a primary growth driver. Stringent emission standards mandate the use of high-efficiency air filters, stimulating demand. Technological improvements, such as the development of more efficient filter media and designs, are also contributing to market growth.
Challenges Impacting Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Growth
Economic instability in certain Latin American countries can disrupt market growth by impacting consumer spending on vehicle maintenance. Supply chain bottlenecks and fluctuating raw material prices create cost pressures for manufacturers. Furthermore, the presence of counterfeit products in the market undercuts legitimate manufacturers and compromises product quality.
Key Players Shaping the Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Market
- S&B Filters Inc
- Allena Group
- K&N Engineering
- Advanced Flow Engineering Inc
- JS Automobiles
- Purolator Filters LLC
- Wsmridhi Manufacturing Co Pvt Ltd
- Mann+Hummel
- AL Filters
- AIRAID
Significant Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Industry Milestones
- 2020: Introduction of stricter emission standards in Brazil.
- 2022: Launch of a new high-efficiency air filter by Mann+Hummel.
- 2023: Acquisition of a regional air filter manufacturer by Purolator Filters LLC.
- 2024: Several new entrants in the market focus on eco-friendly filters.
Future Outlook for Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Market
The Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market is poised for continued growth, driven by expanding vehicle sales, strengthening regulatory frameworks, and technological advancements. Strategic opportunities exist for companies focused on innovation in filter design, sustainable manufacturing, and catering to the growing aftermarket segment. The market presents attractive prospects for both established players and new entrants with innovative offerings and strong distribution networks. The increasing focus on electric and hybrid vehicles will also create new opportunities for specialized air filters in the coming years.
Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Segmentation
-
1. Material Type
- 1.1. Paper Airfilter
- 1.2. Gauze Airfilter
- 1.3. Foam Airfilter
- 1.4. Others
-
2. Type
- 2.1. Intake Filters
- 2.2. Cabin Filters
-
3. Vehicle Type
- 3.1. Passenger Cars
- 3.2. Commercial Vehicles
-
4. Sales Channel
- 4.1. OEMs
- 4.2. Aftermarket
Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Brazil
- 2. Mexico
- 3. Argentina
- 4. Others

Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 5.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Rising Automotive Vehicle Sales Anticipated to Drive the Market
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. High Initial Cost Acting as Barrier for the Market
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Commercial Vehicle Segment Captures Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Material Type
- 5.1.1. Paper Airfilter
- 5.1.2. Gauze Airfilter
- 5.1.3. Foam Airfilter
- 5.1.4. Others
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 5.2.1. Intake Filters
- 5.2.2. Cabin Filters
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 5.3.1. Passenger Cars
- 5.3.2. Commercial Vehicles
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sales Channel
- 5.4.1. OEMs
- 5.4.2. Aftermarket
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.5.1. Brazil
- 5.5.2. Mexico
- 5.5.3. Argentina
- 5.5.4. Others
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Material Type
- 6. Brazil Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Material Type
- 6.1.1. Paper Airfilter
- 6.1.2. Gauze Airfilter
- 6.1.3. Foam Airfilter
- 6.1.4. Others
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6.2.1. Intake Filters
- 6.2.2. Cabin Filters
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 6.3.1. Passenger Cars
- 6.3.2. Commercial Vehicles
- 6.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sales Channel
- 6.4.1. OEMs
- 6.4.2. Aftermarket
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Material Type
- 7. Mexico Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Material Type
- 7.1.1. Paper Airfilter
- 7.1.2. Gauze Airfilter
- 7.1.3. Foam Airfilter
- 7.1.4. Others
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7.2.1. Intake Filters
- 7.2.2. Cabin Filters
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 7.3.1. Passenger Cars
- 7.3.2. Commercial Vehicles
- 7.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sales Channel
- 7.4.1. OEMs
- 7.4.2. Aftermarket
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Material Type
- 8. Argentina Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Material Type
- 8.1.1. Paper Airfilter
- 8.1.2. Gauze Airfilter
- 8.1.3. Foam Airfilter
- 8.1.4. Others
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8.2.1. Intake Filters
- 8.2.2. Cabin Filters
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 8.3.1. Passenger Cars
- 8.3.2. Commercial Vehicles
- 8.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sales Channel
- 8.4.1. OEMs
- 8.4.2. Aftermarket
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Material Type
- 9. Others Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Material Type
- 9.1.1. Paper Airfilter
- 9.1.2. Gauze Airfilter
- 9.1.3. Foam Airfilter
- 9.1.4. Others
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9.2.1. Intake Filters
- 9.2.2. Cabin Filters
- 9.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Vehicle Type
- 9.3.1. Passenger Cars
- 9.3.2. Commercial Vehicles
- 9.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Sales Channel
- 9.4.1. OEMs
- 9.4.2. Aftermarket
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Material Type
- 10. Brazil Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Argentina Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Mexico Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Peru Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. Chile Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15. Rest of Latin America Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 16. Competitive Analysis
- 16.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 16.2. Company Profiles
- 16.2.1 S&B Filters Inc
- 16.2.1.1. Overview
- 16.2.1.2. Products
- 16.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.2 Allena Group
- 16.2.2.1. Overview
- 16.2.2.2. Products
- 16.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.3 K&N Engineering
- 16.2.3.1. Overview
- 16.2.3.2. Products
- 16.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.4 Advanced Flow Engineering Inc
- 16.2.4.1. Overview
- 16.2.4.2. Products
- 16.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.5 JS Automobiles
- 16.2.5.1. Overview
- 16.2.5.2. Products
- 16.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.6 Purolator Filters LLC
- 16.2.6.1. Overview
- 16.2.6.2. Products
- 16.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.7 Wsmridhi Manufacturing Co Pvt Ltd
- 16.2.7.1. Overview
- 16.2.7.2. Products
- 16.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.8 Mann+Hummel
- 16.2.8.1. Overview
- 16.2.8.2. Products
- 16.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.9 AL Filters
- 16.2.9.1. Overview
- 16.2.9.2. Products
- 16.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.10 AIRAID
- 16.2.10.1. Overview
- 16.2.10.2. Products
- 16.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.1 S&B Filters Inc
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Material Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Sales Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Brazil Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Argentina Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Mexico Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Peru Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Chile Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Rest of Latin America Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Material Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Sales Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Material Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Sales Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Material Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Sales Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Material Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Vehicle Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Sales Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 5.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market?
Key companies in the market include S&B Filters Inc, Allena Group, K&N Engineering, Advanced Flow Engineering Inc, JS Automobiles, Purolator Filters LLC, Wsmridhi Manufacturing Co Pvt Ltd, Mann+Hummel, AL Filters, AIRAID.
3. What are the main segments of the Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market?
The market segments include Material Type, Type, Vehicle Type, Sales Channel.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Rising Automotive Vehicle Sales Anticipated to Drive the Market.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Commercial Vehicle Segment Captures Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
High Initial Cost Acting as Barrier for the Market.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Latin America Automotive Airfilters Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence