Key Insights
The global vacuum contactor market, valued at $2.93 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by the increasing demand for efficient and reliable electrical switching solutions across various industries. A compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.70% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a substantial market expansion. This growth is fueled by several key factors. The rising adoption of renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind power, necessitates high-capacity and durable switching equipment, thereby increasing the demand for vacuum contactors. Furthermore, the expanding industrial automation sector and the growing need for advanced power management systems in smart grids are significant contributors to market expansion. The automotive industry's push towards electrification is also boosting demand for vacuum contactors in electric vehicle charging infrastructure. Segmentation analysis reveals that circuit breakers constitute a major application segment, followed by contactors, reclosers, and load break switches. Key players, including Kirloskar Electric, ABB, Toshiba, Siemens, and Eaton, are driving innovation and competition through advancements in vacuum contactor technology, focusing on improved reliability, smaller footprints, and enhanced performance. Geographical analysis reveals strong growth potential in the Asia-Pacific region, driven by rapid industrialization and infrastructure development. North America and Europe are also significant markets, with mature industrial sectors and a focus on grid modernization.
While the market presents significant opportunities, certain challenges remain. High initial investment costs associated with vacuum contactor technology could restrain adoption, particularly in developing economies. Moreover, stringent environmental regulations related to the disposal of electronic waste and the need for sustainable manufacturing processes pose challenges for market players. However, ongoing technological advancements aimed at improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing environmental sustainability are expected to mitigate these challenges and sustain the market's growth trajectory. The market is expected to see further consolidation as leading players strategically invest in research and development and expand their geographical reach to capture a larger market share. The focus on integrating smart technologies within vacuum contactors, enhancing their capabilities for remote monitoring and predictive maintenance, will be key to future growth.

Vacuum Contactor Market: A Comprehensive Market Report (2019-2033)
This dynamic report provides a detailed analysis of the global Vacuum Contactor Market, offering invaluable insights for industry stakeholders, investors, and researchers. The study period covers 2019-2033, with 2025 as the base and estimated year. The report leverages high-impact keywords to ensure optimal search engine visibility and engagement, covering market size, growth projections, competitive landscape, technological advancements, and future trends. The market is projected to reach xx Million by 2033.
Vacuum Contactor Market Market Structure & Competitive Landscape
The Vacuum Contactor Market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with key players holding significant market share. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is estimated at xx, indicating a moderately consolidated market. Innovation is a primary driver, with companies continually investing in R&D to enhance product efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. Stringent regulatory frameworks, particularly concerning environmental impact (e.g., SF6 gas emissions), significantly influence market dynamics. Product substitutes, such as alternative switching technologies, pose a moderate competitive threat. End-user segmentation, primarily across various industries (power generation, transmission, distribution), presents distinct market opportunities. The market has witnessed a moderate level of M&A activity in recent years, with an estimated xx Million in deal value during the historical period (2019-2024).
- Market Concentration: Moderately concentrated (HHI: xx)
- Innovation Drivers: R&D investments in efficiency, reliability, and sustainability
- Regulatory Impacts: Stringent environmental regulations (SF6 gas)
- Product Substitutes: Alternative switching technologies
- End-User Segmentation: Power generation, transmission, distribution, etc.
- M&A Trends: Moderate activity with xx Million in deal value (2019-2024)
Vacuum Contactor Market Market Trends & Opportunities
The global Vacuum Contactor Market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand for reliable and efficient power distribution systems across various sectors. The market size is projected to register a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033), expanding from xx Million in 2025 to xx Million by 2033. This growth is fueled by technological advancements, including the development of eco-friendly vacuum interrupters and smart grid integration. Consumer preferences are shifting toward sustainable and energy-efficient solutions, leading to increased adoption of vacuum contactors. The competitive dynamics are marked by intense rivalry among established players and emerging entrants, leading to product diversification and price competition. Market penetration rates are expected to increase significantly in developing economies, driven by rising energy demand and infrastructure development. Technological shifts towards digitalization and smart grid technologies are further driving market growth.

Dominant Markets & Segments in Vacuum Contactor Market
The Asia-Pacific region dominates the Vacuum Contactor Market, driven by rapid industrialization, robust infrastructure development, and increasing energy demand. China and India are key contributors to this regional dominance. Within applications, the Circuit Breaker segment holds the largest market share, followed by the Contactor segment.
Key Growth Drivers:
- Asia-Pacific Dominance: Rapid industrialization and infrastructure development.
- Circuit Breaker Segment Leadership: High demand in power transmission and distribution.
- Government Policies: Support for renewable energy integration and grid modernization.
- Infrastructure Investments: Significant investments in power grid upgrades.
Vacuum Contactor Market Product Analysis
Vacuum contactors are witnessing significant technological advancements, focusing on enhanced performance, reliability, and environmental sustainability. Innovations include the development of SF6-free vacuum interrupters, improving efficiency and reducing environmental impact. These advancements enhance their suitability for various applications in power systems, offering competitive advantages in terms of reliability, longevity, and reduced maintenance costs. The market fit is strong, driven by the growing demand for efficient and environmentally friendly solutions in the power sector.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Vacuum Contactor Market
Key Drivers:
Growing demand for reliable power distribution and transmission, rising investments in renewable energy integration, stringent environmental regulations driving adoption of SF6-free technologies, and advancements in smart grid technologies are major growth drivers.
Key Challenges and Restraints:
High initial investment costs, supply chain disruptions impacting raw material availability and manufacturing, intense competition among established players, and regulatory hurdles in certain regions can impede market growth. These factors can lead to price fluctuations and project delays, impacting overall market expansion.
Growth Drivers in the Vacuum Contactor Market Market
Technological advancements, such as the development of eco-friendly vacuum interrupters, are primary drivers. Increased infrastructure spending globally and government support for renewable energy projects also significantly contribute to market growth. Furthermore, the shift towards smart grids and the growing adoption of energy-efficient technologies further propel market expansion.
Challenges Impacting Vacuum Contactor Market Growth
Stringent environmental regulations and their associated compliance costs can pose a significant challenge. Supply chain disruptions related to raw material sourcing and manufacturing can lead to production delays and increased costs. Intense competition among established players results in price pressures and impacts profitability.
Key Players Shaping the Vacuum Contactor Market Market
- Kirloskar Electric Company Ltd
- ABB Ltd
- Toshiba Corporation
- Wuhan Feite Electric Co Ltd
- Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
- Siemens AG
- Eaton Corporation PLC
- Meidensha Corporation
- Zhejiang Xuhong Vacuum Electricappiliance Co Ltd
- Shaanxi Joyelectric International Co Ltd
Significant Vacuum Contactor Market Industry Milestones
- January 2023: KCC Corp. announced mass production of ceramic products for eco-friendly vacuum interrupters, eliminating SF6 gas emissions. This significantly impacts market dynamics by offering a more sustainable alternative.
- February 2023: ABB launched the ConVac Hoover Contractor at ELECRAMA 2023, showcasing innovations in electrification and motion technologies. This highlights the focus on advanced features and improved efficiency.
- February 2023: Green World Renewable Energy LLC launched a new solar panel and combiner box system, indirectly impacting the market by increasing renewable energy adoption and potentially driving demand for related vacuum contactor applications.
Future Outlook for Vacuum Contactor Market Market
The Vacuum Contactor Market is poised for continued growth, driven by technological innovations, increasing demand for renewable energy integration, and expanding infrastructure projects globally. Strategic partnerships and investments in R&D will shape market dynamics. The market presents significant opportunities for players who can offer sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective solutions.
Vacuum Contactor Market Segmentation
-
1. Application
- 1.1. Circuit Breaker
- 1.2. Contactor
- 1.3. Recloser
- 1.4. Load Break Switch
- 1.5. Other Applications
Vacuum Contactor Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. North America
- 2. Europe
- 3. Asia Pacific
- 4. Middle East and Africa
- 5. Latin America

Vacuum Contactor Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 4.70% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Growth of Smart Electricity Grid Infrastructure; Increasing Modernization and Upgrading of Existing Infrastructure
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. High Deployment and Operational Cost
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Growth of Smart Electricity Grid Infrastructure to Drive the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Vacuum Contactor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 5.1.1. Circuit Breaker
- 5.1.2. Contactor
- 5.1.3. Recloser
- 5.1.4. Load Break Switch
- 5.1.5. Other Applications
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.2.1. North America
- 5.2.2. Europe
- 5.2.3. Asia Pacific
- 5.2.4. Middle East and Africa
- 5.2.5. Latin America
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6. North America Vacuum Contactor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 6.1.1. Circuit Breaker
- 6.1.2. Contactor
- 6.1.3. Recloser
- 6.1.4. Load Break Switch
- 6.1.5. Other Applications
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7. Europe Vacuum Contactor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 7.1.1. Circuit Breaker
- 7.1.2. Contactor
- 7.1.3. Recloser
- 7.1.4. Load Break Switch
- 7.1.5. Other Applications
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8. Asia Pacific Vacuum Contactor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 8.1.1. Circuit Breaker
- 8.1.2. Contactor
- 8.1.3. Recloser
- 8.1.4. Load Break Switch
- 8.1.5. Other Applications
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9. Middle East and Africa Vacuum Contactor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 9.1.1. Circuit Breaker
- 9.1.2. Contactor
- 9.1.3. Recloser
- 9.1.4. Load Break Switch
- 9.1.5. Other Applications
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10. Latin America Vacuum Contactor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 10.1.1. Circuit Breaker
- 10.1.2. Contactor
- 10.1.3. Recloser
- 10.1.4. Load Break Switch
- 10.1.5. Other Applications
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Application
- 11. North America Vacuum Contactor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 11.1.1.
- 12. Europe Vacuum Contactor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 12.1.1.
- 13. Asia Pacific Vacuum Contactor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 13.1.1.
- 14. Middle East and Africa Vacuum Contactor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 14.1.1.
- 15. Latin America Vacuum Contactor Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 15.1.1.
- 16. Competitive Analysis
- 16.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 16.2. Company Profiles
- 16.2.1 Kirloskar Electric Company Ltd
- 16.2.1.1. Overview
- 16.2.1.2. Products
- 16.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.2 ABB Ltd
- 16.2.2.1. Overview
- 16.2.2.2. Products
- 16.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.3 Toshiba Corporation
- 16.2.3.1. Overview
- 16.2.3.2. Products
- 16.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.4 Wuhan Feite Electric Co Ltd
- 16.2.4.1. Overview
- 16.2.4.2. Products
- 16.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.5 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
- 16.2.5.1. Overview
- 16.2.5.2. Products
- 16.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.6 Siemens AG
- 16.2.6.1. Overview
- 16.2.6.2. Products
- 16.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.7 Eaton Corporation PLC
- 16.2.7.1. Overview
- 16.2.7.2. Products
- 16.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.8 Meidensha Corporation
- 16.2.8.1. Overview
- 16.2.8.2. Products
- 16.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.9 Zhejiang Xuhong Vacuum Electricappiliance Co Ltd
- 16.2.9.1. Overview
- 16.2.9.2. Products
- 16.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.10 Shaanxi Joyelectric International Co Ltd
- 16.2.10.1. Overview
- 16.2.10.2. Products
- 16.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.1 Kirloskar Electric Company Ltd
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: North America Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: Europe Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: Europe Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: Asia Pacific Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: Asia Pacific Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: Middle East and Africa Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: Middle East and Africa Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: Latin America Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: Latin America Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: North America Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: North America Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: North America Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: North America Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: Europe Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: Europe Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Europe Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Europe Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Asia Pacific Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Asia Pacific Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Asia Pacific Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Asia Pacific Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Middle East and Africa Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Middle East and Africa Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 26: Middle East and Africa Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 27: Middle East and Africa Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 28: Latin America Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 29: Latin America Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Application 2024 & 2032
- Figure 30: Latin America Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 31: Latin America Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Global Vacuum Contactor Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Vacuum Contactor Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 4.70%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Vacuum Contactor Market?
Key companies in the market include Kirloskar Electric Company Ltd, ABB Ltd, Toshiba Corporation, Wuhan Feite Electric Co Ltd, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Siemens AG, Eaton Corporation PLC, Meidensha Corporation, Zhejiang Xuhong Vacuum Electricappiliance Co Ltd, Shaanxi Joyelectric International Co Ltd.
3. What are the main segments of the Vacuum Contactor Market?
The market segments include Application.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 2.93 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Growth of Smart Electricity Grid Infrastructure; Increasing Modernization and Upgrading of Existing Infrastructure.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Growth of Smart Electricity Grid Infrastructure to Drive the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
High Deployment and Operational Cost.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
February 2023 - ABB introduced the ConVac Hoover Contractor at ELECRAMA 2023, showcasing innovations from its Electrification and Motion businesses. ABB's Electrification business offers a wide range of equipment, digital solutions, and services, from substations to sockets, to ensure safe, intelligent, and sustainable electrification.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Vacuum Contactor Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Vacuum Contactor Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Vacuum Contactor Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Vacuum Contactor Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence