Key Insights
The music publishing industry, valued at $7.26 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.87% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. The rise of streaming platforms continues to generate significant digital revenue, a major segment within the industry. Increased synchronization licensing for use in film, television, and advertising further bolsters growth. Moreover, the expanding global reach of music and the increasing popularity of independent artists contribute to the market's expansion. Performance royalties, though historically a significant component, are expected to see a relatively slower growth rate compared to digital revenue, reflecting evolving consumption patterns. While physical revenue remains a segment, its contribution is comparatively smaller and declining, a trend mirrored across the broader music industry. The industry faces challenges such as copyright infringement and the complexities of negotiating fair compensation in the digital landscape, potentially acting as restraints on growth. However, the overall outlook remains positive, driven by technological advancements and increasing monetization opportunities.
The competitive landscape is dynamic, with major players like Disney Music Group, Universal Music Publishing Group, and Sony Music Publishing dominating the market. However, independent publishers and smaller companies also contribute significantly, particularly within niche genres. Regional variations in market share are expected, with North America and Europe likely retaining a substantial portion, but Asia-Pacific is poised for significant growth as streaming penetration increases and the music consumption habits shift. The forecast suggests a market size exceeding $12 billion by 2033, driven by the continued dominance of digital revenue streams and the ongoing evolution of the music industry's business model. The strategic partnerships, acquisitions, and technological innovations within the industry will play a crucial role in shaping its future trajectory.

Music Publishing Industry Report: 2019-2033 Forecast
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Music Publishing Industry, projecting market trends and growth from 2019 to 2033. With a focus on key players, market segments, and emerging technologies, this report is essential for investors, industry professionals, and anyone seeking to understand the dynamics of this ever-evolving sector. The report includes extensive quantitative data, forecasting a market valued at $XX Million in 2025, reaching $XX Million by 2033, achieving a CAGR of XX%.
Music Publishing Industry Market Structure & Competitive Landscape
The music publishing industry exhibits a concentrated market structure, dominated by a few major players like Universal Music Publishing Group, Sony Music Publishing, and Warner Chappell Music Inc. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is estimated at XX, indicating a moderately concentrated market. Innovation is driven by technological advancements in digital distribution, streaming platforms, and data analytics, impacting royalty collection and revenue generation. Regulatory changes, particularly copyright laws and licensing agreements, significantly influence market dynamics. Product substitutes, such as independent artist platforms and royalty-free music libraries, present competitive pressures. End-user segmentation includes record labels, streaming services, film and television production companies, advertising agencies, and individual artists.
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity has been significant, with major players consolidating their market share. For example, Universal Music Group's acquisition of Neil Diamond's catalog exemplifies this trend. The estimated volume of M&A deals in the period 2019-2024 is approximately XX. The increasing demand for music in various media formats (film, television, advertising) is a crucial driver for growth.
- Market Concentration: High, with a few dominant players controlling a significant market share.
- Innovation Drivers: Technological advancements in digital distribution and data analytics.
- Regulatory Impacts: Copyright laws and licensing agreements influence market dynamics.
- Product Substitutes: Independent artist platforms and royalty-free music.
- End-User Segmentation: Record labels, streaming services, film/TV production, advertising agencies, individual artists.
- M&A Trends: Significant consolidation through acquisitions of major catalogs and companies.
Music Publishing Industry Market Trends & Opportunities
The music publishing market demonstrates significant growth potential, driven by the increasing consumption of music through various digital channels. The global market size is projected to reach $XX Million by 2025 and further expand to $XX Million by 2033, exhibiting strong growth fueled by the increasing digital music consumption. The shift towards streaming services and subscription models is transforming revenue streams. Changing consumer preferences towards personalized music experiences and diverse genres fuel demand for diverse catalog acquisition and management. Increased competition is observed among established players and emerging independent publishers. The market penetration rate for digital music publishing is estimated at XX% in 2025, projected to reach XX% by 2033.
Technological advancements like AI-powered music creation tools and blockchain-based royalty management systems offer new opportunities, while challenges remain in managing copyright infringement and ensuring fair compensation for artists. Furthermore, market expansion in emerging economies and growing demand for personalized music experiences present substantial growth opportunities.

Dominant Markets & Segments in Music Publishing Industry
The North American and European markets remain dominant, contributing the largest share of global revenue in music publishing. However, growth in Asia-Pacific, particularly in China and India, is expected to accelerate in the forecast period. Within revenue streams, digital revenue, driven by streaming, is the fastest-growing segment, projected to capture a majority market share.
Key Growth Drivers:
- North America: Established music infrastructure and high digital music consumption.
- Europe: Strong presence of major publishers and diverse musical markets.
- Asia-Pacific: Rapid growth of streaming services and increasing music consumption.
- Digital Revenue: Dominant growth driver due to streaming platforms and digital distribution.
Market Dominance Analysis: The US and UK markets continue to lead the industry due to strong consumer demand, robust legal frameworks, and a significant number of established players and artists. However, China's rapid development in the music streaming market suggests a potential shift in market dominance in the coming years. The growth of digital revenue streams has disrupted the traditional dominance of physical and performance royalties.
Music Publishing Industry Product Analysis
Product innovation in music publishing primarily focuses on improving royalty management systems, enhancing data analytics for better artist management and revenue forecasting, and leveraging technology for efficient rights clearance and licensing. The increasing use of AI for tasks like music identification and copyright enforcement is shaping the industry. Competitive advantages are derived from exclusive artist partnerships, a deep catalog of established songs, and advanced data analytics capabilities.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Music Publishing Industry
Key Drivers:
- Technological advancements in digital distribution and data analytics.
- Growing demand for music across diverse platforms (streaming, film, advertising).
- Expanding market in emerging economies.
Key Barriers & Challenges:
- Copyright infringement and piracy resulting in an estimated $XX Million loss annually.
- Regulatory complexities regarding international copyright laws and licensing.
- Competition from independent publishers and royalty-free music platforms.
- Supply chain issues relating to efficient royalty distribution.
Growth Drivers in the Music Publishing Industry Market
Technological advancements, such as AI-powered music identification and blockchain-based royalty distribution systems, are significantly improving efficiency and transparency. The rise of streaming services and increasing global music consumption provides strong growth drivers. Favorable regulatory environments in certain regions further contribute to market expansion.
Challenges Impacting Music Publishing Industry Growth
Copyright infringement and piracy pose a significant challenge, impacting revenue streams. Complex international copyright laws and licensing agreements create regulatory hurdles. Increased competition from independent publishers and royalty-free music sources puts downward pressure on pricing and margins.
Key Players Shaping the Music Publishing Industry Market
- Disney Music Group
- Universal Music Publishing Group
- Pulse Recordings
- Sony Music Publishing
- Big Deal Music LLC
- Big Yellow Dog Music LLC
- Kobalt Music Group Ltd
- Black River Entertainment
- BMG Rights Management GmbH
- Reach Music Publishing Inc
- Round Hill Music
- Warner Chappell Music Inc
Significant Music Publishing Industry Milestones
- February 2022: Universal Music Group acquires Neil Diamond's song catalog. This significantly impacted market share and demonstrated the ongoing trend of large-scale catalog acquisitions.
- February 2022: A partnership between Influence Media Partners, BlackRock, and Warner Music Group is announced to create a music rights platform, suggesting an innovative approach to financing and managing music rights.
- May 2022: Sony Music Publishing signs rising singer-songwriter Kal Lavelle to a global publishing deal, highlighting the ongoing search for and development of new talent within the industry.
Future Outlook for Music Publishing Industry Market
The music publishing industry is poised for continued growth, driven by technological advancements, the expansion of streaming services, and increasing global music consumption. Strategic partnerships and acquisitions will remain key strategies for major players. The development and adoption of blockchain technologies could significantly enhance the transparency and efficiency of royalty distribution, unlocking further market potential.
Music Publishing Industry Segmentation
-
1. Royalties
- 1.1. Performance
- 1.2. Synchronization
- 1.3. Digital Revenue
- 1.4. Physical Revenue
Music Publishing Industry Segmentation By Geography
- 1. North America
- 2. Europe
- 3. Asia Pacific
- 4. Latin America
- 5. Middle East and Africa

Music Publishing Industry REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 5.87% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Growing Popularity of Music Streaming Services; Increasing Live Concerts and Performances; Growing Adoption of Digital Music
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Privacy Issues; Decline in Physical Volume Sales
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Digital Revenue has the Largest Growth in the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Global Music Publishing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Royalties
- 5.1.1. Performance
- 5.1.2. Synchronization
- 5.1.3. Digital Revenue
- 5.1.4. Physical Revenue
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.2.1. North America
- 5.2.2. Europe
- 5.2.3. Asia Pacific
- 5.2.4. Latin America
- 5.2.5. Middle East and Africa
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Royalties
- 6. North America Music Publishing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Royalties
- 6.1.1. Performance
- 6.1.2. Synchronization
- 6.1.3. Digital Revenue
- 6.1.4. Physical Revenue
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Royalties
- 7. Europe Music Publishing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Royalties
- 7.1.1. Performance
- 7.1.2. Synchronization
- 7.1.3. Digital Revenue
- 7.1.4. Physical Revenue
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Royalties
- 8. Asia Pacific Music Publishing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Royalties
- 8.1.1. Performance
- 8.1.2. Synchronization
- 8.1.3. Digital Revenue
- 8.1.4. Physical Revenue
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Royalties
- 9. Latin America Music Publishing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Royalties
- 9.1.1. Performance
- 9.1.2. Synchronization
- 9.1.3. Digital Revenue
- 9.1.4. Physical Revenue
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Royalties
- 10. Middle East and Africa Music Publishing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Royalties
- 10.1.1. Performance
- 10.1.2. Synchronization
- 10.1.3. Digital Revenue
- 10.1.4. Physical Revenue
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Royalties
- 11. North America Music Publishing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 11.1.1.
- 12. Europe Music Publishing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 12.1.1.
- 13. Asia Pacific Music Publishing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 13.1.1.
- 14. Latin America Music Publishing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 14.1.1.
- 15. Middle East Music Publishing Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 15.1.1.
- 16. Competitive Analysis
- 16.1. Global Market Share Analysis 2024
- 16.2. Company Profiles
- 16.2.1 Disney Music Group
- 16.2.1.1. Overview
- 16.2.1.2. Products
- 16.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.2 Universal Music Publishing Group
- 16.2.2.1. Overview
- 16.2.2.2. Products
- 16.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.3 Pulse Recordings
- 16.2.3.1. Overview
- 16.2.3.2. Products
- 16.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.4 Sony Music Publishing
- 16.2.4.1. Overview
- 16.2.4.2. Products
- 16.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.5 Big Deal Music LLC*List Not Exhaustive
- 16.2.5.1. Overview
- 16.2.5.2. Products
- 16.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.6 Big Yellow Dog Music LLC
- 16.2.6.1. Overview
- 16.2.6.2. Products
- 16.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.7 Kobalt Music Group Ltd
- 16.2.7.1. Overview
- 16.2.7.2. Products
- 16.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.8 Black River Entertainment
- 16.2.8.1. Overview
- 16.2.8.2. Products
- 16.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.9 BMG Rights Management GmbH
- 16.2.9.1. Overview
- 16.2.9.2. Products
- 16.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.10 Reach Music Publishing Inc
- 16.2.10.1. Overview
- 16.2.10.2. Products
- 16.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.11 Round Hill Music
- 16.2.11.1. Overview
- 16.2.11.2. Products
- 16.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.12 Warner Chappell Music Inc
- 16.2.12.1. Overview
- 16.2.12.2. Products
- 16.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 16.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 16.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 16.2.1 Disney Music Group
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Region 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 3: North America Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 4: Europe Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 5: Europe Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 6: Asia Pacific Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 7: Asia Pacific Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 8: Latin America Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 9: Latin America Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 10: Middle East Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 11: Middle East Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 12: North America Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Royalties 2024 & 2032
- Figure 13: North America Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Royalties 2024 & 2032
- Figure 14: North America Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 15: North America Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 16: Europe Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Royalties 2024 & 2032
- Figure 17: Europe Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Royalties 2024 & 2032
- Figure 18: Europe Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 19: Europe Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 20: Asia Pacific Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Royalties 2024 & 2032
- Figure 21: Asia Pacific Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Royalties 2024 & 2032
- Figure 22: Asia Pacific Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 23: Asia Pacific Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 24: Latin America Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Royalties 2024 & 2032
- Figure 25: Latin America Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Royalties 2024 & 2032
- Figure 26: Latin America Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 27: Latin America Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 28: Middle East and Africa Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Royalties 2024 & 2032
- Figure 29: Middle East and Africa Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Royalties 2024 & 2032
- Figure 30: Middle East and Africa Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million), by Country 2024 & 2032
- Figure 31: Middle East and Africa Music Publishing Industry Revenue Share (%), by Country 2024 & 2032
List of Tables
- Table 1: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Royalties 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Music Publishing Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Royalties 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Royalties 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Royalties 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Royalties 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Royalties 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Global Music Publishing Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Music Publishing Industry?
The projected CAGR is approximately 5.87%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Music Publishing Industry?
Key companies in the market include Disney Music Group, Universal Music Publishing Group, Pulse Recordings, Sony Music Publishing, Big Deal Music LLC*List Not Exhaustive, Big Yellow Dog Music LLC, Kobalt Music Group Ltd, Black River Entertainment, BMG Rights Management GmbH, Reach Music Publishing Inc, Round Hill Music, Warner Chappell Music Inc.
3. What are the main segments of the Music Publishing Industry?
The market segments include Royalties.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD 7.26 Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Growing Popularity of Music Streaming Services; Increasing Live Concerts and Performances; Growing Adoption of Digital Music.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Digital Revenue has the Largest Growth in the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Privacy Issues; Decline in Physical Volume Sales.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
May 2022 - A global publishing deal was signed by rising singer-songwriter Kal Lavelle, according to Sony Music Publishing United Kingdom. Due to her collaborations with Ed Sheeran, Irish-born singer-songwriter Kal Lavelle has quickly emerged as one of the genre's most promising hitmakers.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Music Publishing Industry," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Music Publishing Industry report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Music Publishing Industry?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Music Publishing Industry, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence