Key Insights
The United States dairy market, valued at an estimated $80 billion in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth, driven by several key factors. Increased consumer demand for dairy products, fueled by health and wellness trends emphasizing protein and calcium intake, is a significant driver. The rising popularity of dairy-based functional foods and beverages, such as yogurt with probiotics and fortified milk, further contributes to market expansion. Innovation in product offerings, including organic and plant-based alternatives, caters to evolving consumer preferences and expands market segments. The on-trade sector (restaurants, cafes) presents significant opportunities, while off-trade (grocery stores) remains the dominant distribution channel, particularly for staple products like butter and cheese. However, challenges such as fluctuating milk prices, rising feed costs, and increasing competition from plant-based alternatives pose constraints on market growth. Government regulations related to labeling and sustainability also impact the industry. The market is segmented by product category (milk, cheese, yogurt, butter, etc.), distribution channel (off-trade, on-trade), and geography, with significant regional variations in consumption patterns. Key players like Land O'Lakes, Nestlé, and Kraft Heinz actively compete through brand building, product diversification, and strategic acquisitions.
Looking forward, the US dairy market is poised for continued expansion, albeit at a moderate pace. The projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.30% from 2025 to 2033 indicates sustainable growth. Sustained consumer demand, coupled with strategic investments in product development and marketing initiatives by major players, will be crucial for achieving this growth trajectory. Furthermore, exploring new export markets and adapting to changing consumer preferences regarding sustainability and ethical sourcing will be essential for long-term success. The continued focus on innovation and diversification of product offerings to meet the evolving demands of health-conscious consumers will be crucial to navigating the competitive landscape. The industry's response to challenges, including cost fluctuations and environmental concerns, will also significantly impact future market performance.

United States Dairy Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This dynamic report provides a deep dive into the United States dairy market, offering invaluable insights for industry professionals, investors, and strategists. With a detailed analysis spanning the period from 2019 to 2033, including a base year of 2025, this report unveils the market's structure, competitive landscape, growth drivers, challenges, and future outlook. Leveraging extensive data and expert analysis, this report is crucial for navigating the complexities of this dynamic sector. The report covers key segments like butter, and distribution channels including off-trade and on-trade (warehouse clubs, gas stations, etc.), providing a holistic view of the market's current state and future trajectory. The estimated market value in 2025 is projected at xx Million.
United States Dairy Market Market Structure & Competitive Landscape
The U.S. dairy market is characterized by a complex interplay of established giants and emerging players. Market concentration is moderate, with a few dominant players controlling a significant share, while numerous smaller regional players cater to niche demands. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) for 2024 is estimated at xx, indicating a moderately concentrated market. Innovation is driven by consumer demand for healthier, more convenient, and sustainably produced dairy products, leading to the development of new product formats, such as organic options and plant-based alternatives. Stringent regulatory frameworks governing food safety, labeling, and environmental sustainability significantly impact market operations. Key product substitutes include plant-based milk alternatives (e.g., almond, soy, oat milk), impacting overall market share. The market is segmented by product type (e.g., fluid milk, cheese, yogurt, butter), distribution channels (off-trade and on-trade), and end-users (food service, retail, industrial).
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity has been relatively robust in recent years, driven by consolidation efforts and expansion strategies. For instance, the total M&A deal value in the dairy sector from 2019 to 2024 reached approximately xx Million. Key M&A trends include:
- Consolidation among large dairy processors to gain economies of scale and market share.
- Acquisitions of smaller, specialized dairy companies to diversify product portfolios.
- Expansion into new product categories and geographical markets.
United States Dairy Market Market Trends & Opportunities
The U.S. dairy market is experiencing a period of significant transformation, driven by evolving consumer preferences, technological advancements, and dynamic competitive dynamics. The market size has exhibited a CAGR of xx% from 2019 to 2024, reaching xx Million in 2024. This growth is projected to continue, with a forecast CAGR of xx% from 2025 to 2033, reaching a projected xx Million by 2033. Technological innovations, such as improved processing techniques, extended shelf-life technologies, and smart packaging, are enhancing product quality and increasing efficiency. Consumer preferences are shifting towards healthier options, including organic, low-fat, and lactose-free products, while demand for convenience and value-added products continues to rise. The market is witnessing increased competition from plant-based alternatives, requiring dairy companies to innovate and adapt to maintain market share. Opportunities exist in developing value-added products, exploring sustainable and ethical sourcing practices, and expanding into emerging markets.

Dominant Markets & Segments in United States Dairy Market
The off-trade distribution channel currently dominates the U.S. dairy market, capturing approximately xx% of the total market share in 2024. Within the off-trade segment, supermarkets and grocery stores constitute the largest segment, driven by their widespread accessibility and convenience. The butter category holds a significant market share, benefitting from its versatility and continued demand across various food applications. Growth drivers within these segments include:
- Expanding retail infrastructure, particularly in high-growth regions.
- Government policies supporting domestic dairy production.
- Increased consumer spending on packaged food products.
- Rising awareness of health benefits associated with certain dairy products, though countered by plant-based alternatives.
The on-trade segment (warehouse clubs, gas stations, etc.) holds a smaller but growing market share, primarily driven by increasing consumer traffic in these locations and the convenience of purchasing dairy products along with other essentials. The geographic distribution of the market is relatively widespread, with significant consumption across diverse regions, though regional variations exist in product preferences and consumption patterns.
United States Dairy Market Product Analysis
Dairy product innovation is focused on enhancing functionality, convenience, and health benefits. This includes developing extended shelf-life products, incorporating functional ingredients (e.g., probiotics, vitamins), and offering more diverse formats (e.g., single-serve containers, ready-to-drink products). Technological advancements, such as high-pressure processing (HPP) and ultra-high temperature (UHT) processing, are improving product safety and extending shelf life. These product innovations are helping to meet the evolving needs and preferences of consumers, particularly those seeking healthier, more convenient, and sustainably produced options. Competitive advantages are being sought through product differentiation, strong branding, and effective marketing strategies.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in United States Dairy Market
Key Drivers:
- Growing consumer demand for convenient and value-added dairy products.
- Technological advancements improving processing efficiency and product quality.
- Government initiatives promoting domestic dairy production and consumption.
Challenges:
- Increasing competition from plant-based milk alternatives, resulting in reduced market share for traditional dairy products. This impact is estimated to reduce market growth by approximately xx% by 2033.
- Fluctuations in milk prices and feed costs impacting profitability.
- Stringent food safety regulations and labeling requirements increasing operational costs.
- Supply chain disruptions negatively affecting product availability and market stability. The impact of this is estimated to create a xx Million shortfall in revenue by 2030.
Growth Drivers in the United States Dairy Market Market
Continued growth is driven by evolving consumer demand for healthier and more convenient options, coupled with technological advancements improving product quality and processing efficiency. Government support for domestic dairy production also contributes.
Challenges Impacting United States Dairy Market Growth
The market faces challenges from increasing competition from plant-based alternatives, fluctuating milk prices, and stringent regulations. Supply chain disruptions further complicate market stability.
Key Players Shaping the United States Dairy Market Market
- Land O'Lakes Inc
- Nestlé SA
- The Kraft Heinz Company
- Schreiber Foods Inc
- Conagra Brands Inc
- Danone SA
- California Dairies Inc
- Dairy Farmers of America Inc
- Continental Dairy Facilities LLC
- Groupe Lactalis
- Froneri International Limited
- Prairie Farms Dairy Inc
Significant United States Dairy Market Industry Milestones
- August 2022: Dairy Farmers of America acquired two shelf-extended facilities of SmithFoods, strengthening its position in the extended shelf-life product market.
- November 2022: The Kraft Heinz Company launched the Philly Handbag cheesecake kit, expanding its product portfolio into the dessert category.
- December 2022: Lactalis Canada acquired Kraft Heinz's Grated Cheese business in Canada, marking its entry into the ambient cheese category and increasing competitive pressure within the market.
Future Outlook for United States Dairy Market Market
The U.S. dairy market is poised for continued growth, driven by innovation, evolving consumer preferences, and strategic investments in sustainable practices. Opportunities exist in developing value-added products, expanding into niche markets, and leveraging technological advancements to improve efficiency and sustainability. The market's future success hinges on adapting to changing consumer demands, navigating competitive pressures, and addressing ongoing challenges in the supply chain.
United States Dairy Market Segmentation
-
1. Category
-
1.1. Butter
-
1.1.1. By Product Type
- 1.1.1.1. Cultured Butter
- 1.1.1.2. Uncultured Butter
-
1.1.1. By Product Type
-
1.2. Cheese
- 1.2.1. Natural Cheese
- 1.2.2. Processed Cheese
-
1.3. Cream
- 1.3.1. Double Cream
- 1.3.2. Single Cream
- 1.3.3. Whipping Cream
- 1.3.4. Others
-
1.4. Dairy Desserts
- 1.4.1. Cheesecakes
- 1.4.2. Frozen Desserts
- 1.4.3. Ice Cream
- 1.4.4. Mousses
-
1.5. Milk
- 1.5.1. Condensed milk
- 1.5.2. Flavored Milk
- 1.5.3. Fresh Milk
- 1.5.4. Powdered Milk
- 1.5.5. UHT Milk
- 1.6. Sour Milk Drinks
-
1.7. Yogurt
- 1.7.1. Flavored Yogurt
- 1.7.2. Unflavored Yogurt
-
1.1. Butter
-
2. Distribution Channel
-
2.1. Off-Trade
- 2.1.1. Convenience Stores
- 2.1.2. Online Retail
- 2.1.3. Specialist Retailers
- 2.1.4. Supermarkets and Hypermarkets
- 2.1.5. Others (Warehouse clubs, gas stations, etc.)
- 2.2. On-Trade
-
2.1. Off-Trade
United States Dairy Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. United States

United States Dairy Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 4.30% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Growing Demand for Cocoa Butter Equivalents Among Food Manufacturers; Rising Application in Food Industry
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Health Concerns Pertaining to the Excessive Consumption of Fats and Oils
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. United States Dairy Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Category
- 5.1.1. Butter
- 5.1.1.1. By Product Type
- 5.1.1.1.1. Cultured Butter
- 5.1.1.1.2. Uncultured Butter
- 5.1.1.1. By Product Type
- 5.1.2. Cheese
- 5.1.2.1. Natural Cheese
- 5.1.2.2. Processed Cheese
- 5.1.3. Cream
- 5.1.3.1. Double Cream
- 5.1.3.2. Single Cream
- 5.1.3.3. Whipping Cream
- 5.1.3.4. Others
- 5.1.4. Dairy Desserts
- 5.1.4.1. Cheesecakes
- 5.1.4.2. Frozen Desserts
- 5.1.4.3. Ice Cream
- 5.1.4.4. Mousses
- 5.1.5. Milk
- 5.1.5.1. Condensed milk
- 5.1.5.2. Flavored Milk
- 5.1.5.3. Fresh Milk
- 5.1.5.4. Powdered Milk
- 5.1.5.5. UHT Milk
- 5.1.6. Sour Milk Drinks
- 5.1.7. Yogurt
- 5.1.7.1. Flavored Yogurt
- 5.1.7.2. Unflavored Yogurt
- 5.1.1. Butter
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 5.2.1. Off-Trade
- 5.2.1.1. Convenience Stores
- 5.2.1.2. Online Retail
- 5.2.1.3. Specialist Retailers
- 5.2.1.4. Supermarkets and Hypermarkets
- 5.2.1.5. Others (Warehouse clubs, gas stations, etc.)
- 5.2.2. On-Trade
- 5.2.1. Off-Trade
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. United States
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Category
- 6. North America United States Dairy Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 6.1.1 United States
- 6.1.2 Canada
- 6.1.3 Mexico
- 6.1.4 Rest of North America
- 7. Europe United States Dairy Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 7.1.1 United Kingdom
- 7.1.2 Germany
- 7.1.3 France
- 7.1.4 Russia
- 7.1.5 Italy
- 7.1.6 Spain
- 7.1.7 Rest of Europe
- 8. Asia Pacific United States Dairy Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 8.1.1 India
- 8.1.2 China
- 8.1.3 Japan
- 8.1.4 Australia
- 8.1.5 Rest of Asia Pacific
- 9. South America United States Dairy Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 9.1.1 Brazil
- 9.1.2 Argentina
- 9.1.3 Rest of South America
- 10. Middle East and Africa United States Dairy Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 10.1.1 South Africa
- 10.1.2 Saudi Arabia
- 10.1.3 Rest of Middle East and Africa
- 11. Competitive Analysis
- 11.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 11.2. Company Profiles
- 11.2.1 Land O'Lakes Inc
- 11.2.1.1. Overview
- 11.2.1.2. Products
- 11.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.2 Nestlé SA
- 11.2.2.1. Overview
- 11.2.2.2. Products
- 11.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.3 The Kraft Heinz Compan
- 11.2.3.1. Overview
- 11.2.3.2. Products
- 11.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.4 Schreiber Foods Inc
- 11.2.4.1. Overview
- 11.2.4.2. Products
- 11.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.5 Conagra Brands Inc
- 11.2.5.1. Overview
- 11.2.5.2. Products
- 11.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.6 Danone SA
- 11.2.6.1. Overview
- 11.2.6.2. Products
- 11.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.7 California Dairies Inc
- 11.2.7.1. Overview
- 11.2.7.2. Products
- 11.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.8 Dairy Farmers of America Inc
- 11.2.8.1. Overview
- 11.2.8.2. Products
- 11.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.9 Continental Dairy Facilities LLC
- 11.2.9.1. Overview
- 11.2.9.2. Products
- 11.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.10 Groupe Lactalis
- 11.2.10.1. Overview
- 11.2.10.2. Products
- 11.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.11 Froneri International Limited
- 11.2.11.1. Overview
- 11.2.11.2. Products
- 11.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.12 Prairie Farms Dairy Inc
- 11.2.12.1. Overview
- 11.2.12.2. Products
- 11.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.1 Land O'Lakes Inc
List of Figures
- Figure 1: United States Dairy Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: United States Dairy Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: United States Dairy Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: United States Dairy Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Category 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: United States Dairy Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: United States Dairy Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: United States Dairy Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: United States United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: Canada United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Mexico United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Rest of North America United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: United States Dairy Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: United Kingdom United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Germany United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: France United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Russia United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Italy United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Spain United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Rest of Europe United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: United States Dairy Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: India United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: China United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Japan United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Australia United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Rest of Asia Pacific United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: United States Dairy Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Brazil United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Argentina United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Rest of South America United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: United States Dairy Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: South Africa United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Saudi Arabia United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Rest of Middle East and Africa United States Dairy Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: United States Dairy Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Category 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: United States Dairy Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: United States Dairy Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the United States Dairy Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 4.30%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the United States Dairy Market?
Key companies in the market include Land O'Lakes Inc, Nestlé SA, The Kraft Heinz Compan, Schreiber Foods Inc, Conagra Brands Inc, Danone SA, California Dairies Inc, Dairy Farmers of America Inc, Continental Dairy Facilities LLC, Groupe Lactalis, Froneri International Limited, Prairie Farms Dairy Inc.
3. What are the main segments of the United States Dairy Market?
The market segments include Category, Distribution Channel.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Growing Demand for Cocoa Butter Equivalents Among Food Manufacturers; Rising Application in Food Industry.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Health Concerns Pertaining to the Excessive Consumption of Fats and Oils.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
December 2022: Lactalis Canada acquired Kraft Heinz's Grated Cheese business in Canada, marking its entry into the ambient category.November 2022: The Kraft Heinz Company launched the cheesecake kit Philly Handbag.August 2022: Dairy Farmers of America acquired two shelf-extended facilities of SmithFoods. The strategy of this acquisition was to assist the corporation in capitalizing on the market's growing demand for products with extended shelf lives.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "United States Dairy Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the United States Dairy Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the United States Dairy Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the United States Dairy Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence