Key Insights
The Italian food service market, exhibiting a robust Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.74%, presents a compelling investment landscape. Driven by rising disposable incomes, increasing tourism, and a growing preference for convenient and high-quality dining experiences, the market is projected to expand significantly over the forecast period (2025-2033). The market segmentation reveals key growth areas: the Leisure and Travel segments benefit from increased tourism and domestic leisure activities, while the Retail and Standalone segments are propelled by evolving consumer preferences and the expansion of quick-service restaurants (QSRs). Within foodservice types, Cafes & Bars and other QSR cuisines are experiencing significant traction, reflecting changing culinary trends and a wider array of choices for consumers. Chained outlets, leveraging brand recognition and economies of scale, are expected to maintain a strong market presence, though independent outlets also contribute meaningfully to the overall market dynamism. Geographic analysis suggests that Europe, particularly Italy itself, will remain the core market, although expansion in other regions, notably North America and Asia-Pacific, fueled by the growing popularity of Italian cuisine globally, is also anticipated. Competition is fierce, with established players like McDonald's and Autogrill vying for market share alongside smaller, specialized chains and independent restaurants. The success of individual businesses within this competitive environment will hinge on factors such as brand recognition, menu innovation, customer service, and effective location strategies.
The market's growth, however, faces certain constraints. These include rising food and labor costs, increasing competition, fluctuating raw material prices, and potential economic downturns that could temper consumer spending on discretionary items like dining out. To mitigate these risks, businesses within the Italian food service industry must prioritize cost management, adapt to changing consumer preferences, and leverage technology to enhance operational efficiency and customer experience. Strategic partnerships and acquisitions could also play a vital role in consolidating market share and expanding geographic reach. The continued success of the Italian food service market hinges on the ability of players to navigate these challenges and capitalize on the burgeoning demand for high-quality, authentic, and convenient Italian food experiences.

Italian Food Service Market Report: 2019-2033
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the Italian food service market, offering invaluable insights for businesses operating within and seeking to enter this dynamic sector. Covering the period from 2019 to 2033, with a base year of 2025 and a forecast period extending to 2033, this report utilizes extensive data and expert analysis to paint a clear picture of market trends, opportunities, and challenges. The report features in-depth analysis of key players, including Starhotels SpA, Yum! Brands Inc, QSR Platform Holding SCA, Alice Pizza SpA, Cremonini SpA, Gruppo Sebeto, Autogrill SpA, Lagardère Group, La Piadineria Group, McDonald's Corporation, Compagna Generale Ristorazione SpA, and Camst Group. The report segments the market by location (Leisure, Lodging, Retail, Standalone, Travel), foodservice type (Cafes & Bars, Other QSR Cuisines), and outlet type (Chained Outlets, Independent Outlets).
Italian Food Service Market Structure & Competitive Landscape
The Italian food service market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with several large national and international players alongside a significant number of smaller, independent operators. The market's competitive landscape is characterized by intense rivalry, driven by factors including brand recognition, menu innovation, pricing strategies, and location. Innovation, particularly in technology (e.g., online ordering, delivery services) plays a significant role in driving market growth. Regulatory changes concerning food safety, hygiene, and labor laws also significantly impact market dynamics. Product substitutes, such as home-cooked meals and meal delivery services, exert competitive pressure. The end-user segmentation is diverse, encompassing various demographics and preferences, influencing the demand for different types of food services. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity within the sector has been moderate in recent years, with a volume of approximately xx deals valued at xx Million annually between 2020-2024. However, an increase is expected in the coming years with a projected xx Million increase in the forecast period.
- Market Concentration: The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is estimated at xx in 2024, indicating a moderately concentrated market.
- Innovation Drivers: Technological advancements in online ordering, delivery platforms, and kitchen automation are driving significant innovation.
- Regulatory Impacts: Stringent food safety regulations and labor laws impact operational costs and profitability.
- Product Substitutes: The rise of meal delivery services and home-cooked meal trends pose a competitive challenge.
- End-User Segmentation: Market segments include families, young adults, tourists, and business travelers, each with unique needs and preferences.
- M&A Trends: Consolidation is expected to increase in the forecast period, driving market concentration.
Italian Food Service Market Market Trends & Opportunities
The Italian food service market is experiencing substantial growth, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% projected from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key trends, including a rising disposable income, increasing urbanization, and a shift towards convenience and on-the-go dining. Technological advancements, such as online ordering and delivery apps, are revolutionizing the customer experience and expanding market reach. Changing consumer preferences, a growing demand for healthy and sustainable options, and the rise of experiential dining are further shaping market dynamics. The competitive landscape is characterized by intense competition, with both established players and new entrants vying for market share. Market penetration rates for online ordering are increasing rapidly, exceeding xx% in major urban areas by 2024. The growing popularity of international cuisines within the Italian market also presents a significant opportunity for growth. The market size is projected to reach xx Million by 2033, driven by the aforementioned factors and further increased tourism.

Dominant Markets & Segments in Italian Food Service Market
The Italian food service market is geographically diverse, with significant variation in growth rates and market characteristics across different regions. While precise regional breakdowns require further data, major metropolitan areas such as Rome and Milan exhibit higher growth rates, primarily driven by higher population density and tourism.
- Leading Segment by Location: The retail segment is projected to dominate, followed by travel and leisure segments. Growth in the retail segment is driven by the expansion of quick-service restaurants (QSRs) and convenience stores. The travel segment is supported by the robust tourism industry.
- Leading Segment by Foodservice Type: The "Other QSR Cuisines" segment is witnessing rapid expansion, fueled by the increasing popularity of international cuisines. Cafes and Bars continue to be a strong segment, though growth rates may be slower compared to QSR.
- Leading Segment by Outlet Type: Chained outlets maintain a significant market share, but independent outlets also contribute substantially, particularly within regional cuisines. Key growth drivers include increasing disposable incomes, urban development, and improving infrastructure. Government policies promoting tourism and business development further contribute to the expansion of the market.
Italian Food Service Market Product Analysis
Product innovation in the Italian food service market is characterized by the introduction of new menu items, improved service models (e.g., drive-thrus, online ordering), and greater emphasis on customization and personalization. Technological advancements such as point-of-sale (POS) systems, kitchen management software, and mobile payment options enhance operational efficiency. The market fit of new products depends heavily on consumer preferences, trends, and pricing strategies. Emphasis is increasingly placed on healthy, organic, and locally sourced ingredients to meet evolving consumer preferences.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Italian Food Service Market
Key Drivers: Technological advancements in ordering and delivery platforms, increasing disposable income, and a growing preference for convenience drive market growth. Government initiatives supporting tourism and the hospitality sector also play a role. The increasing prevalence of international fast-food chains and other QSRs within Italy adds momentum.
Challenges: Supply chain disruptions, particularly impacting ingredient sourcing and distribution, and rising labor costs pose significant operational challenges. Stringent food safety and hygiene regulations, coupled with increased competition, further pressure profitability.
Growth Drivers in the Italian Food Service Market Market
The rising disposable income, particularly among younger demographics, fuels increased spending on food services. Tourism plays a vital role in market growth, increasing demand in key tourist destinations. Technological advancements in online ordering and delivery platforms expand market reach and enhance customer experience.
Challenges Impacting Italian Food Service Market Growth
Rising food costs and labor shortages significantly impact profitability. Intense competition among various food service operators, both domestic and international, puts pressure on pricing strategies and market share. Stringent food safety regulations impose compliance costs on businesses.
Key Players Shaping the Italian Food Service Market Market
- Starhotels SpA
- Yum! Brands Inc
- QSR Platform Holding SCA
- Alice Pizza SpA
- Cremonini SpA
- Gruppo Sebeto
- Autogrill SpA
- Lagardère Group
- La Piadineria Group
- McDonald's Corporation
- Compagna Generale Ristorazione SpA
- Camst Group
Significant Italian Food Service Market Industry Milestones
- November 2022: Lagardère Travel Retail acquired Marché International AG, expanding its presence in the travel retail food service sector. This signifies consolidation within the market.
- November 2022: KFC invested USD 21.81 Million to open 25 new outlets in Italy, indicating confidence in market growth and expansion of QSR presence.
- December 2022: KFC opened a new drive-thru outlet in Sestu, Sardinia, showcasing innovation in service models to increase customer convenience.
Future Outlook for Italian Food Service Market Market
The Italian food service market is poised for continued growth, driven by evolving consumer preferences, technological advancements, and increasing tourism. Strategic opportunities lie in expanding online ordering capabilities, offering personalized experiences, and incorporating sustainable practices. The market's potential is significant, with further expansion expected across various segments and regions.
Italian Food Service Market Segmentation
-
1. Foodservice Type
-
1.1. Cafes & Bars
-
1.1.1. By Cuisine
- 1.1.1.1. Bars & Pubs
- 1.1.1.2. Juice/Smoothie/Desserts Bars
- 1.1.1.3. Specialist Coffee & Tea Shops
-
1.1.1. By Cuisine
- 1.2. Cloud Kitchen
-
1.3. Full Service Restaurants
- 1.3.1. Asian
- 1.3.2. European
- 1.3.3. Latin American
- 1.3.4. Middle Eastern
- 1.3.5. North American
- 1.3.6. Other FSR Cuisines
-
1.4. Quick Service Restaurants
- 1.4.1. Bakeries
- 1.4.2. Burger
- 1.4.3. Ice Cream
- 1.4.4. Meat-based Cuisines
- 1.4.5. Pizza
- 1.4.6. Other QSR Cuisines
-
1.1. Cafes & Bars
-
2. Outlet
- 2.1. Chained Outlets
- 2.2. Independent Outlets
-
3. Location
- 3.1. Leisure
- 3.2. Lodging
- 3.3. Retail
- 3.4. Standalone
- 3.5. Travel
Italian Food Service Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Italia

Italian Food Service Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 6.74% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Escalating Consumer Investment in Preventive Healthcare Products; Increasing Algal Protein Applications Among Various Supplements
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Availability of Alternative Protein Sources
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Rising tourism and expansion in commercial real estate propelling sales in the country
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Italian Food Service Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Foodservice Type
- 5.1.1. Cafes & Bars
- 5.1.1.1. By Cuisine
- 5.1.1.1.1. Bars & Pubs
- 5.1.1.1.2. Juice/Smoothie/Desserts Bars
- 5.1.1.1.3. Specialist Coffee & Tea Shops
- 5.1.1.1. By Cuisine
- 5.1.2. Cloud Kitchen
- 5.1.3. Full Service Restaurants
- 5.1.3.1. Asian
- 5.1.3.2. European
- 5.1.3.3. Latin American
- 5.1.3.4. Middle Eastern
- 5.1.3.5. North American
- 5.1.3.6. Other FSR Cuisines
- 5.1.4. Quick Service Restaurants
- 5.1.4.1. Bakeries
- 5.1.4.2. Burger
- 5.1.4.3. Ice Cream
- 5.1.4.4. Meat-based Cuisines
- 5.1.4.5. Pizza
- 5.1.4.6. Other QSR Cuisines
- 5.1.1. Cafes & Bars
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Outlet
- 5.2.1. Chained Outlets
- 5.2.2. Independent Outlets
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Location
- 5.3.1. Leisure
- 5.3.2. Lodging
- 5.3.3. Retail
- 5.3.4. Standalone
- 5.3.5. Travel
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. Italia
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Foodservice Type
- 6. North America Italian Food Service Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 6.1.1 United States
- 6.1.2 Canada
- 6.1.3 Mexico
- 6.1.4 Rest of North America
- 7. Europe Italian Food Service Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 7.1.1 United Kingdom
- 7.1.2 Germany
- 7.1.3 France
- 7.1.4 Russia
- 7.1.5 Italy
- 7.1.6 Spain
- 7.1.7 Rest of Europe
- 8. Asia Pacific Italian Food Service Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 8.1.1 India
- 8.1.2 China
- 8.1.3 Japan
- 8.1.4 Australia
- 8.1.5 Rest of Asia Pacific
- 9. South America Italian Food Service Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 9.1.1 Brazil
- 9.1.2 Argentina
- 9.1.3 Rest of South America
- 10. Middle East and Africa Italian Food Service Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - By Country/Sub-region
- 10.1.1 South Africa
- 10.1.2 Saudi Arabia
- 10.1.3 Rest of Middle East and Africa
- 11. Competitive Analysis
- 11.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 11.2. Company Profiles
- 11.2.1 Starhotels SpA
- 11.2.1.1. Overview
- 11.2.1.2. Products
- 11.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.2 Yum! Brands Inc
- 11.2.2.1. Overview
- 11.2.2.2. Products
- 11.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.3 QSR Platform Holding SCA
- 11.2.3.1. Overview
- 11.2.3.2. Products
- 11.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.4 Alice Pizza SpA
- 11.2.4.1. Overview
- 11.2.4.2. Products
- 11.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.5 Cremonini SpA
- 11.2.5.1. Overview
- 11.2.5.2. Products
- 11.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.6 Gruppo Sebeto
- 11.2.6.1. Overview
- 11.2.6.2. Products
- 11.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.7 Autogrill SpA
- 11.2.7.1. Overview
- 11.2.7.2. Products
- 11.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.8 Lagardère Group
- 11.2.8.1. Overview
- 11.2.8.2. Products
- 11.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.9 La Piadineria Group
- 11.2.9.1. Overview
- 11.2.9.2. Products
- 11.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.10 McDonald's Corporation
- 11.2.10.1. Overview
- 11.2.10.2. Products
- 11.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.11 Compagna Generale Ristorazione SpA
- 11.2.11.1. Overview
- 11.2.11.2. Products
- 11.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.12 Camst Group
- 11.2.12.1. Overview
- 11.2.12.2. Products
- 11.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 11.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 11.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 11.2.1 Starhotels SpA
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Italian Food Service Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Foodservice Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Outlet 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: United States Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Canada Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: Mexico Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: Rest of North America Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: United Kingdom Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Germany Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: France Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Russia Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Italy Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Spain Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Rest of Europe Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: India Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: China Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Japan Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Australia Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Rest of Asia Pacific Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Brazil Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Argentina Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Rest of South America Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: South Africa Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Saudi Arabia Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Rest of Middle East and Africa Italian Food Service Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Foodservice Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Outlet 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Location 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: Italian Food Service Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Italian Food Service Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 6.74%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Italian Food Service Market?
Key companies in the market include Starhotels SpA, Yum! Brands Inc, QSR Platform Holding SCA, Alice Pizza SpA, Cremonini SpA, Gruppo Sebeto, Autogrill SpA, Lagardère Group, La Piadineria Group, McDonald's Corporation, Compagna Generale Ristorazione SpA, Camst Group.
3. What are the main segments of the Italian Food Service Market?
The market segments include Foodservice Type, Outlet, Location.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Escalating Consumer Investment in Preventive Healthcare Products; Increasing Algal Protein Applications Among Various Supplements.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Rising tourism and expansion in commercial real estate propelling sales in the country.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Availability of Alternative Protein Sources.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
December 2022: KFC announced that the KFC Drive at the La Corte del Sole shopping center is the company’s newest outlet in Sestu.November 2022: Lagardère Travel Retail signed an agreement to acquire 100% of the shares in Marché International AG, the holding company of the Marché Group. November 2022: KFC announced that it had invested USD 21.81 million to open more restaurants in Italy. The fried chicken brand had planned to launch 25 new outlets in 2022.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Italian Food Service Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Italian Food Service Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Italian Food Service Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Italian Food Service Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence