Key Insights
The Asia-Pacific walnut milk market, valued at approximately $500 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.01% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Rising consumer awareness of the health benefits associated with plant-based milks, particularly the high protein and healthy fat content of walnut milk, is a significant driver. Growing adoption of vegan and vegetarian lifestyles, coupled with increasing lactose intolerance among consumers, fuels demand for dairy alternatives like walnut milk. Furthermore, the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and a growing focus on preventative health measures are contributing to the market's growth. The market is segmented by type (flavored and unflavored) and distribution channel (supermarkets/hypermarkets, specialty stores, online retail stores, and other channels). Online retail channels are expected to witness particularly strong growth due to increasing e-commerce penetration and convenient home delivery options. Major players like Borges Agricultural & Industrial Nut, Simple Foods Co Ltd, and Yili Group are driving innovation through product diversification and expansion into new markets within the region. China, India, and Japan are expected to be the key growth markets within the Asia-Pacific region due to their large populations and increasing disposable incomes.
The market's growth trajectory is, however, subject to certain restraints. Price volatility of raw walnuts and fluctuating production yields can impact profitability and pricing strategies. Competition from established plant-based milk alternatives, such as almond and soy milk, also poses a challenge. Overcoming consumer perceptions regarding the taste and texture of walnut milk compared to traditional dairy milk requires ongoing product development and marketing efforts. Nevertheless, the overall outlook for the Asia-Pacific walnut milk market remains positive, driven by the strong underlying trends of health consciousness and the increasing popularity of plant-based diets, leading to substantial market expansion in the coming years. Future growth will be influenced by the success of companies in navigating these challenges and capitalizing on emerging market opportunities.

Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033)
This dynamic report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Asia-Pacific walnut milk market, offering invaluable insights for businesses, investors, and stakeholders. Leveraging extensive research and data analysis spanning the period 2019-2033 (base year 2025), this report meticulously examines market trends, competitive landscapes, growth drivers, and challenges, providing a clear roadmap for future success. The report forecasts a robust growth trajectory for the market, driven by increasing health consciousness, rising disposable incomes, and expanding distribution channels. Download now to unlock a treasure trove of information and gain a competitive edge in this booming market.
Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Structure & Competitive Landscape
The Asia-Pacific walnut milk market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with a few key players holding significant market share. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) for 2025 is estimated at xx, indicating a moderately competitive environment. Innovation in product offerings, such as flavored varieties and organic options, is a key driver of market growth. Regulatory changes concerning food labeling and health standards significantly influence market dynamics. Product substitutes, including other nut milks (almond, soy) and dairy alternatives, pose a competitive threat. The market is segmented by end-users, primarily catering to health-conscious consumers, vegetarians, and individuals with dietary restrictions. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity in the past five years has been moderate, with xx M&A deals recorded, primarily focused on expanding product portfolios and geographical reach.
- Market Concentration: HHI (2025) estimated at xx
- Innovation Drivers: Flavored varieties, organic options, functional ingredients
- Regulatory Impacts: Food labeling regulations, health & safety standards
- Product Substitutes: Almond milk, soy milk, other dairy alternatives
- End-User Segmentation: Health-conscious consumers, vegetarians, individuals with dietary restrictions
- M&A Trends: xx M&A deals in the last 5 years, focusing on portfolio expansion and geographical reach
Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Trends & Opportunities
The Asia-Pacific walnut milk market is experiencing significant growth, with a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). This growth is fueled by several key factors: the rising preference for plant-based diets among health-conscious consumers, increasing awareness of the health benefits of walnut milk (rich in omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants), and the growing popularity of veganism and vegetarianism across the region. Technological advancements in processing and packaging are also enhancing product quality and shelf life. The market penetration rate of walnut milk is currently estimated at xx%, with significant room for growth, particularly in emerging markets within the Asia-Pacific region. Competitive dynamics are characterized by increasing product differentiation and branding strategies.

Dominant Markets & Segments in Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market
China and India are the leading markets for walnut milk in the Asia-Pacific region, driven by large populations, rising disposable incomes, and increasing adoption of plant-based diets. The unflavored segment currently holds the largest market share, although flavored varieties are experiencing rapid growth, driven by consumer preferences for diverse tastes. Supermarket/hypermarkets are the dominant distribution channel, but online retail and specialty stores are witnessing increasing market penetration.
- Key Growth Drivers in China: Rising disposable incomes, increasing health awareness, expanding retail infrastructure.
- Key Growth Drivers in India: Growing vegetarian population, expanding middle class, increasing availability of plant-based products.
- Dominant Segment (By Type): Unflavored segment (currently holds xx% of market share). Flavored segment demonstrating strong growth with a CAGR of xx%
- Dominant Channel (By Distribution): Supermarket/hypermarkets (xx% market share). Online retail and specialty stores show increasing penetration.
Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Product Analysis
Product innovation is a critical factor shaping the Asia-Pacific walnut milk market. Manufacturers are introducing new product varieties, including flavored and fortified options enriched with vitamins and minerals to cater to evolving consumer preferences. Technological advancements in processing enhance the quality, taste, and shelf life of walnut milk, improving its market acceptance. Key competitive advantages include superior taste, texture, and nutritional profile, along with sustainable sourcing and ethical production practices.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market
Key Drivers:
- Increasing health consciousness and preference for plant-based diets.
- Rising disposable incomes in several Asia-Pacific countries.
- Growing awareness of the nutritional benefits of walnut milk.
- Technological advancements in production and packaging.
Challenges:
- Price volatility of raw materials (walnuts).
- Intense competition from other nut milks and dairy alternatives.
- Regulatory hurdles related to food safety and labeling.
- Supply chain complexities and infrastructure limitations in some regions. The cost of walnut supply chain is estimated to negatively impact margins by xx% by 2033.
Growth Drivers in the Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Market
The Asia-Pacific walnut milk market is primarily driven by increasing consumer awareness of health and wellness, coupled with the growing popularity of vegan and vegetarian diets. Technological advancements in processing and packaging are improving product quality and shelf life. Government initiatives promoting sustainable agriculture and food security also contribute to market growth.
Challenges Impacting Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Growth
Key challenges include fluctuations in walnut prices, intense competition from substitutes, and regulatory hurdles around food safety and labeling. These factors can influence pricing and potentially hinder market expansion. Additionally, supply chain inefficiencies and a lack of infrastructure in some regions pose significant obstacles.
Key Players Shaping the Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Market
- Borges Agricultural & Industrial Nut
- Simple Foods Co Ltd (137 Degrees)
- Hebei Yangyuan Zhihui Beverage Co Ltd
- Yili Group
- RITA Food & Drink Co Ltd
- Elmhurst Milked Direct LLC
- H Milk Food Joint Stock Company (TH True Nut)
Significant Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Industry Milestones
- 2020: Introduction of several new flavored walnut milk varieties by key players.
- 2022: Increased investment in sustainable walnut farming practices.
- 2023: Launch of several organic and fair-trade certified walnut milk products.
- 2024: Significant expansion of online retail channels for walnut milk.
Future Outlook for Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Market
The Asia-Pacific walnut milk market is poised for significant growth in the coming years. Strategic opportunities exist for companies to capitalize on the increasing demand for plant-based foods, focusing on innovation, sustainability, and expansion into new markets. The market is expected to reach a value of xx Million by 2033, driven by a confluence of favorable factors.
Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Segmentation
-
1. Type
- 1.1. Flavored
- 1.2. Unflavored
-
2. Distribution Channel
- 2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 2.2. Specialty Stores
- 2.3. Online Retail Stores
- 2.4. Other Distribution Channel
-
3. Geography
- 3.1. China
- 3.2. Japan
- 3.3. India
- 3.4. Australia
- 3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. China
- 2. Japan
- 3. India
- 4. Australia
- 5. Rest of Asia Pacific

Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of 6.01% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Increasing Demand for Protein-Rich Food; Increasing Demand for Plant-Based and Organic Ingredients
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Presence of Alternative Proteins
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Adoption of Specific Diets for Weight Loss
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 5.1.1. Flavored
- 5.1.2. Unflavored
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 5.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 5.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 5.2.3. Online Retail Stores
- 5.2.4. Other Distribution Channel
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.3.1. China
- 5.3.2. Japan
- 5.3.3. India
- 5.3.4. Australia
- 5.3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. China
- 5.4.2. Japan
- 5.4.3. India
- 5.4.4. Australia
- 5.4.5. Rest of Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6. China Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 6.1.1. Flavored
- 6.1.2. Unflavored
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 6.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 6.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 6.2.3. Online Retail Stores
- 6.2.4. Other Distribution Channel
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.3.1. China
- 6.3.2. Japan
- 6.3.3. India
- 6.3.4. Australia
- 6.3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7. Japan Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 7.1.1. Flavored
- 7.1.2. Unflavored
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 7.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 7.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 7.2.3. Online Retail Stores
- 7.2.4. Other Distribution Channel
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.3.1. China
- 7.3.2. Japan
- 7.3.3. India
- 7.3.4. Australia
- 7.3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8. India Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 8.1.1. Flavored
- 8.1.2. Unflavored
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 8.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 8.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 8.2.3. Online Retail Stores
- 8.2.4. Other Distribution Channel
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.3.1. China
- 8.3.2. Japan
- 8.3.3. India
- 8.3.4. Australia
- 8.3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9. Australia Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 9.1.1. Flavored
- 9.1.2. Unflavored
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 9.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 9.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 9.2.3. Online Retail Stores
- 9.2.4. Other Distribution Channel
- 9.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 9.3.1. China
- 9.3.2. Japan
- 9.3.3. India
- 9.3.4. Australia
- 9.3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 10. Rest of Asia Pacific Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 10.1.1. Flavored
- 10.1.2. Unflavored
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 10.2.1. Supermarket/Hypermarket
- 10.2.2. Specialty Stores
- 10.2.3. Online Retail Stores
- 10.2.4. Other Distribution Channel
- 10.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 10.3.1. China
- 10.3.2. Japan
- 10.3.3. India
- 10.3.4. Australia
- 10.3.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Type
- 11. China Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Japan Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. India Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 14. South Korea Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 15. Taiwan Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 16. Australia Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 17. Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 18. Competitive Analysis
- 18.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 18.2. Company Profiles
- 18.2.1 Borges Agricultural & Industrial Nut
- 18.2.1.1. Overview
- 18.2.1.2. Products
- 18.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.2 Simple Foods Co Ltd (137 Degrees)
- 18.2.2.1. Overview
- 18.2.2.2. Products
- 18.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.3 Hebei Yangyuan Zhihui Beverage Co Ltd
- 18.2.3.1. Overview
- 18.2.3.2. Products
- 18.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.4 Yili Group
- 18.2.4.1. Overview
- 18.2.4.2. Products
- 18.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.5 RITA Food & Drink Co Ltd
- 18.2.5.1. Overview
- 18.2.5.2. Products
- 18.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.6 Elmhurst Milked Direct LLC
- 18.2.6.1. Overview
- 18.2.6.2. Products
- 18.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.7 H Milk Food Joint Stock Company (TH True Nut)
- 18.2.7.1. Overview
- 18.2.7.2. Products
- 18.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.1 Borges Agricultural & Industrial Nut
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: China Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: Japan Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: India Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: South Korea Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Taiwan Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Australia Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 6.01%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market?
Key companies in the market include Borges Agricultural & Industrial Nut, Simple Foods Co Ltd (137 Degrees), Hebei Yangyuan Zhihui Beverage Co Ltd, Yili Group, RITA Food & Drink Co Ltd, Elmhurst Milked Direct LLC, H Milk Food Joint Stock Company (TH True Nut).
3. What are the main segments of the Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market?
The market segments include Type, Distribution Channel, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Increasing Demand for Protein-Rich Food; Increasing Demand for Plant-Based and Organic Ingredients.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Adoption of Specific Diets for Weight Loss.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Presence of Alternative Proteins.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
N/A
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Asia-Pacific Walnut Milk Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence