Key Insights
The Asia-Pacific jeans market is poised for significant expansion, projected to reach a substantial market size of approximately USD 18,500 million in 2025. This robust growth is underpinned by a compelling Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.60% from 2019 to 2033. This upward trajectory is primarily fueled by a growing middle class across key economies like China, India, and Southeast Asian nations, leading to increased disposable incomes and a higher demand for fashionable apparel. The rising influence of global fashion trends, amplified by social media and e-commerce platforms, is also a major driver, encouraging consumers to adopt contemporary styles. Furthermore, the increasing penetration of international denim brands and the localization of their product offerings to cater to regional preferences are significantly contributing to market dynamism. Innovations in fabric technology, such as the introduction of stretch denim and sustainable materials, are appealing to a wider consumer base seeking both comfort and eco-consciousness.

Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Market Size (In Billion)

The market's segmentation reveals diverse opportunities. The "Men" and "Women" segments are expected to dominate, driven by fashion-forward purchasing decisions and a desire for versatile wardrobe staples. However, the "Children" segment is also showing considerable growth as parents increasingly invest in stylish and durable clothing for their offspring. In terms of category, both "Mass" and "Premium" segments are expected to thrive, indicating a bifurcated consumer preference for both accessible and aspirational denim products. Distribution channels are undergoing a transformation, with "Online Retail Stores" rapidly gaining market share due to convenience and wider product availability. While "Supermarkets/Hypermarkets" and "Specialist Stores" will continue to play a role, their dominance is expected to wane in favor of digital channels. Leading global and regional players like Levi Strauss & Co., Uniqlo Co. Ltd., and Gap Inc. are actively strategizing to capture market share through product innovation, strategic pricing, and enhanced online and offline retail experiences. The market is expected to navigate potential restraints such as fluctuating raw material costs and intense competition by focusing on brand loyalty, unique design propositions, and sustainable manufacturing practices.

Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Company Market Share

Asia-Pacific Jeans Market: Unraveling Growth, Trends, and Future Prospects (2019-2033)
This comprehensive report provides an in-depth analysis of the Asia-Pacific Jeans Market, projecting significant growth and evolving consumer preferences. The study meticulously examines market dynamics from 2019 to 2033, with a base and estimated year of 2025, offering granular insights into historical performance and future trajectories. Leveraging high-volume SEO keywords like "Asia Pacific jeans market," "denim market growth," "APAC apparel industry," "jeans market trends," and "sustainable denim," this report is designed to engage industry professionals, investors, and stakeholders seeking a definitive understanding of this dynamic sector.
Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Market Structure & Competitive Landscape
The Asia-Pacific jeans market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, characterized by the presence of both global denim giants and emerging regional players. Innovation drivers are multifaceted, encompassing advancements in sustainable denim manufacturing, the integration of smart textiles, and the adoption of digital retail strategies. Regulatory impacts, while varying across countries, are increasingly focused on environmental sustainability and fair labor practices, influencing production methods and material sourcing. The threat of product substitutes, such as activewear and other casual trousers, is present but mitigated by the enduring popularity and versatility of jeans.
End-user segmentation reveals a strong demand across Men, Women, and Children, with a growing emphasis on premium offerings alongside the dominant mass market. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) trends, while not as prevalent as in more mature markets, are beginning to emerge as companies seek to expand their regional footprint and technological capabilities. Key players like Gap Inc., Levi Strauss & Co., and H&M Group are actively shaping the competitive landscape through strategic investments and product diversification. The market concentration is estimated to be around 35-45% for the top five players. M&A volumes, though modest, are projected to increase by approximately 10-15% in the forecast period as consolidation opportunities arise.
Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Market Trends & Opportunities
The Asia-Pacific jeans market is poised for substantial expansion, driven by burgeoning disposable incomes, evolving fashion sensibilities, and a growing appreciation for casual wear. The market size is projected to reach USD 85 Billion by 2033, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.2% from 2025. Technological shifts are significantly impacting the industry, with a notable surge in demand for sustainable denim. Brands are increasingly investing in eco-friendly production processes, such as waterless washing technologies and recycled materials, to cater to environmentally conscious consumers. This trend presents a significant opportunity for denim manufacturers to differentiate themselves and capture market share.
Consumer preferences are diversifying, with a growing inclination towards personalized and customized jeans. The rise of online retail stores has revolutionized distribution channels, offering unparalleled convenience and a wider selection of products. This has led to increased market penetration rates, particularly in developing economies within the region. Competitive dynamics are intensifying, with established global brands facing stiff competition from local and regional players who possess a deeper understanding of local tastes and preferences. Furthermore, the integration of augmented reality (AR) in online shopping experiences is enhancing customer engagement and reducing return rates. The increasing adoption of e-commerce platforms is expected to contribute over 45% of total sales by 2033. The market is witnessing a gradual shift towards premiumization, with consumers willing to invest more in high-quality, durable, and stylish denim products. The demand for artisanal and handcrafted denim is also gaining traction, offering niche growth opportunities.
Dominant Markets & Segments in Asia-Pacific Jeans Market
The Asia-Pacific jeans market is characterized by its diverse economic landscape, with China emerging as the dominant market in terms of both volume and value. Its vast population, rising middle class, and rapidly growing e-commerce infrastructure contribute significantly to this dominance. Following closely are India, Japan, and South Korea, each presenting unique growth drivers and consumer behaviors. In India, the increasing disposable incomes and a burgeoning youth population are fueling the demand for trendy and affordable denim, while Japan and South Korea are known for their sophisticated fashion markets, driving demand for premium and designer jeans.
The Men's segment currently holds the largest market share within the end-user category, accounting for approximately 40% of the total market revenue. However, the Women's segment is witnessing a higher growth rate due to evolving fashion trends and increased participation of women in the workforce. The Children's segment, while smaller, is also showing steady growth, driven by increasing awareness among parents about fashionable and comfortable apparel for their children.
Within the Category segment, the Mass market continues to be the largest volume driver, catering to a broad consumer base. However, the Premium segment is experiencing robust growth, fueled by consumers seeking superior quality, unique designs, and brand heritage. This premiumization trend signifies a shift towards more discerning purchasing decisions.
The Distribution Channel landscape is dominated by Online Retail Stores, which are projected to capture over 50% of the market share by 2033. This dominance is attributed to the convenience, wider product selection, and competitive pricing offered by e-commerce platforms. Specialist Stores remain crucial for premium brands, offering curated collections and personalized shopping experiences. Supermarkets/Hypermarkets cater to the mass market, providing accessible and affordable options. Other Distribution Channels, including factory outlets and pop-up stores, are also playing an incremental role in reaching diverse consumer segments.
Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Product Analysis
The Asia-Pacific jeans market is witnessing a surge in product innovation, focusing on enhanced comfort, durability, and sustainability. Brands are increasingly incorporating advanced fabric technologies, such as stretch denim with superior recovery, moisture-wicking properties, and antibacterial features, to meet evolving consumer demands for functionality. The application of eco-friendly dyeing techniques, including natural dyes and water-saving processes, is a key competitive advantage for brands committed to sustainability. Furthermore, the integration of smart textiles for connected apparel is an emerging area, offering potential for future growth and unique selling propositions. The market's competitive advantage lies in its ability to balance global fashion trends with localized styles and price points.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Asia-Pacific Jeans Market
Key Drivers:
- Rising Disposable Incomes: Increasing purchasing power across key Asian economies fuels demand for branded and premium apparel.
- Evolving Fashion Trends: Growing awareness of global fashion trends and the desire for casual, versatile wear drives denim consumption.
- E-commerce Growth: The rapid expansion of online retail platforms provides wider accessibility and convenience for consumers.
- Focus on Sustainability: Increasing consumer and regulatory emphasis on eco-friendly practices is pushing innovation in sustainable denim production.
- Youth Population: A significant and growing young demographic with a high propensity for fashion adoption.
Barriers & Challenges:
- Supply Chain Disruptions: Geopolitical factors, logistics complexities, and raw material price volatility can impact production and cost.
- Intense Competition: A crowded market with both global and local players leads to price pressures and the need for continuous differentiation.
- Counterfeit Products: The prevalence of counterfeit jeans can erode brand value and consumer trust, particularly in online channels.
- Regulatory Compliance: Navigating diverse and evolving environmental and labor regulations across different countries.
- Changing Consumer Preferences: Rapidly shifting fashion trends necessitate agile product development and marketing strategies.
Growth Drivers in the Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Market
The Asia-Pacific jeans market is propelled by several key growth drivers. Technologically, the advancement of sustainable manufacturing processes, including waterless dyeing and the use of recycled materials, is attracting environmentally conscious consumers and aligning with global sustainability goals. Economically, the rising disposable incomes in emerging economies like India and Southeast Asian nations are translating into increased consumer spending on fashion apparel, including jeans. Policy-driven factors, such as government initiatives promoting textile manufacturing and trade agreements, are also fostering market expansion. The increasing penetration of e-commerce and the growing adoption of digital marketing strategies by brands are further accelerating growth by enhancing accessibility and reach across the vast region.
Challenges Impacting Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Growth
Several challenges are impacting the growth of the Asia-Pacific jeans market. Supply chain complexities remain a significant concern, with disruptions caused by global events and localized logistics issues affecting production timelines and costs. Intense competition from both established global brands and agile local players leads to significant price pressures and necessitates continuous innovation and brand differentiation. Regulatory hurdles, including varying environmental standards and labor laws across different countries, add complexity to manufacturing and distribution. Furthermore, the ever-evolving consumer preferences and the rapid pace of fashion cycles require brands to be highly adaptable and responsive to maintain market relevance.
Key Players Shaping the Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Market
- Gap Inc.
- Levi Strauss & Co.
- H&M Group
- U S Polo Assn
- PVH Corp
- Edwin Co Ltd
- Uniqlo Co Ltd
- Diesel S p A
- True Religion Brand Jeans
- VF Corporation
Significant Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Industry Milestones
- July 2022: Wrangler, a prominent US-based jeans giant, significantly expanded its retail network in India, inaugurating its 39th store in the country. The company announced ambitious plans to further bolster its offline retail footprint by establishing 100 additional Lee & Wrangler stores within the current fiscal year.
- February 2022: Kontoor Brands (owner of Wrangler and Lee jeans) announced a strategic alliance with Arvind Limited and Cone denim to implement the updated Higg MSI (Higg Material Sustainability Index) tool across all apparel brands. As part of this collaboration, Arvind Limited, a leading Indian lifestyle and fashion conglomerate, and Cone Denim, a global leader in denim innovation and sustainability, will share critical data from the denim dyeing process, which was previously not factored into the Higg MSI.
- December 2021: Tasuka Jeans, a Bangladesh-based denim brand, made a substantial investment in eco-friendly machinery for its washing facility. The company acquired waterless washing machines, each costing approximately EUR 105,000, and is actively implementing measures to reduce water consumption per pair of jeans by around 40%.
Future Outlook for Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Market
The future outlook for the Asia-Pacific jeans market is exceptionally promising, characterized by sustained growth and dynamic evolution. Strategic opportunities lie in further embracing digital transformation, enhancing supply chain resilience, and deepening the commitment to sustainable practices. The growing demand for personalized and inclusive fashion will drive innovation in product customization and ethical sourcing. Market potential is immense, particularly in developing economies where increasing disposable incomes and a youthful demographic will continue to fuel consumption. Brands that effectively leverage technology, champion sustainability, and adapt to nuanced regional preferences are poised for significant success in this vibrant market.
Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Segmentation
-
1. End User
- 1.1. Men
- 1.2. Women
- 1.3. Children
-
2. Category
- 2.1. Mass
- 2.2. Premium
-
3. Distribution Channel
- 3.1. Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
- 3.2. Specialist Stores
- 3.3. Online Retail Stores
- 3.4. Other Distribution Channels
Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. Asia Pacific
- 1.1. China
- 1.2. Japan
- 1.3. South Korea
- 1.4. India
- 1.5. Australia
- 1.6. New Zealand
- 1.7. Indonesia
- 1.8. Malaysia
- 1.9. Singapore
- 1.10. Thailand
- 1.11. Vietnam
- 1.12. Philippines

Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Regional Market Share

Geographic Coverage of Asia-Pacific Jeans Market
Asia-Pacific Jeans Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2020-2034 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Estimated Year | 2026 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2034 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 4% from 2020-2034 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Demand for Smartwatches; Popularity of Luxury Watches
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Presence of Fake Brands in the Market
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Rising Inclination of Customers Towards Fashionable Clothing
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End User
- 5.1.1. Men
- 5.1.2. Women
- 5.1.3. Children
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Category
- 5.2.1. Mass
- 5.2.2. Premium
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Distribution Channel
- 5.3.1. Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
- 5.3.2. Specialist Stores
- 5.3.3. Online Retail Stores
- 5.3.4. Other Distribution Channels
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. Asia Pacific
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End User
- 6. China Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 7. Japan Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 8. India Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 9. South Korea Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 10. Taiwan Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 11. Australia Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 12. Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 13. Competitive Analysis
- 13.1. Market Share Analysis 2025
- 13.2. Company Profiles
- 13.2.1 Gap Inc
- 13.2.1.1. Overview
- 13.2.1.2. Products
- 13.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.2 Levi Strauss & Co
- 13.2.2.1. Overview
- 13.2.2.2. Products
- 13.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.3 H&M Group
- 13.2.3.1. Overview
- 13.2.3.2. Products
- 13.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.4 U S Polo Assn
- 13.2.4.1. Overview
- 13.2.4.2. Products
- 13.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.5 PVH Corp
- 13.2.5.1. Overview
- 13.2.5.2. Products
- 13.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.6 Edwin Co Ltd
- 13.2.6.1. Overview
- 13.2.6.2. Products
- 13.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.7 Uniqlo Co Ltd
- 13.2.7.1. Overview
- 13.2.7.2. Products
- 13.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.8 Diesel S p A
- 13.2.8.1. Overview
- 13.2.8.2. Products
- 13.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.9 True Religion Brand Jeans
- 13.2.9.1. Overview
- 13.2.9.2. Products
- 13.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.10 VF Corporation*List Not Exhaustive
- 13.2.10.1. Overview
- 13.2.10.2. Products
- 13.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.1 Gap Inc
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue Breakdown (undefined, %) by Product 2025 & 2033
- Figure 2: Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Share (%) by Company 2025
List of Tables
- Table 1: Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Region 2020 & 2033
- Table 2: Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by End User 2020 & 2033
- Table 3: Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Category 2020 & 2033
- Table 4: Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2020 & 2033
- Table 5: Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Region 2020 & 2033
- Table 6: Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 7: China Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 8: Japan Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 9: India Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 10: South Korea Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 11: Taiwan Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 12: Australia Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 13: Rest of Asia-Pacific Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 14: Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by End User 2020 & 2033
- Table 15: Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Category 2020 & 2033
- Table 16: Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Distribution Channel 2020 & 2033
- Table 17: Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue undefined Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 18: China Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 19: Japan Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 20: South Korea Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 21: India Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 22: Australia Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 23: New Zealand Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 24: Indonesia Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 25: Malaysia Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 26: Singapore Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 27: Thailand Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 28: Vietnam Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 29: Philippines Asia-Pacific Jeans Market Revenue (undefined) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Asia-Pacific Jeans Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 4%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Asia-Pacific Jeans Market?
Key companies in the market include Gap Inc, Levi Strauss & Co, H&M Group, U S Polo Assn, PVH Corp, Edwin Co Ltd, Uniqlo Co Ltd, Diesel S p A, True Religion Brand Jeans, VF Corporation*List Not Exhaustive.
3. What are the main segments of the Asia-Pacific Jeans Market?
The market segments include End User, Category, Distribution Channel.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XXX N/A as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Demand for Smartwatches; Popularity of Luxury Watches.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Rising Inclination of Customers Towards Fashionable Clothing.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Presence of Fake Brands in the Market.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
In July 2022, Wrangler, a US-based jeans giant, expanded its retail network in India by adding the 39thstore for the denim bigwig in the country. The company's CEO announced that they plan to expand the offline retail footprint by adding 100 more stores of Lee & Wrangler in the current fiscal year.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 4950, and USD 6800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in N/A.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Asia-Pacific Jeans Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Asia-Pacific Jeans Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Asia-Pacific Jeans Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Asia-Pacific Jeans Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence

