Key Insights
The European lime market is poised for steady expansion, driven by increasing consumer preference for fresh, healthy ingredients and the growing popularity of lime in culinary applications, beverages, and personal care products. With a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.10% from 2019 to 2033, the market is expected to reach a substantial valuation. Key drivers include the rising demand for citrus fruits as natural sources of Vitamin C, a growing awareness of their antioxidant properties, and their versatility in both sweet and savory dishes. The expanding foodservice sector, including restaurants, cafes, and bars, also significantly contributes to this demand, as limes are integral to cocktails, desserts, and various cuisines. Furthermore, the trend towards natural and organic products is benefiting the lime market, with consumers actively seeking out naturally grown produce.

Europe Lime Market Market Size (In Million)

The market's growth trajectory is, however, influenced by certain restraints. Fluctuations in raw material prices, impacted by weather conditions and agricultural yields, can affect profitability. Stringent import regulations and trade policies in certain European nations can also pose challenges. Nevertheless, opportunities abound, particularly in the development of value-added lime products like lime juice concentrates, essential oils, and dried lime. The increasing penetration of e-commerce platforms for grocery shopping is also facilitating wider accessibility and consumer reach. Major producing countries and key players are strategically focusing on improving supply chain efficiencies, adopting sustainable farming practices, and innovating product offerings to capitalize on the market's upward momentum and meet the evolving demands of European consumers.

Europe Lime Market Company Market Share

Here is a dynamic, SEO-optimized report description for the Europe Lime Market, incorporating your specified details and structure.
This comprehensive report delves into the intricate landscape of the Europe Lime Market, offering in-depth analysis and actionable insights for industry stakeholders. Covering a study period from 2019 to 2033, with a base year and estimated year of 2025, and a forecast period of 2025–2033, this report provides a robust understanding of historical trends, current dynamics, and future projections. Leverage high-volume keywords such as "Europe lime market," "lime production Europe," "lime consumption Europe," "lime imports Europe," "lime exports Europe," "lime prices Europe," and "sustainable agriculture Europe" to enhance your market intelligence and strategic planning.
Europe Lime Market Market Structure & Competitive Landscape
The Europe Lime Market exhibits a moderate to high level of market concentration, with a few dominant players and a fragmented base of smaller producers. Innovation drivers are largely centered on enhancing yield, improving disease resistance, and adopting sustainable farming practices, directly influenced by evolving EU agricultural policies. Regulatory impacts are significant, with stringent quality standards and environmental regulations shaping production methodologies and market access. Product substitutes, primarily other citrus fruits and non-citrus acidity enhancers, present a continuous competitive pressure. End-user segmentation is diverse, spanning the food and beverage industry (juices, flavorings, preserves), the pharmaceutical sector (lime oil for fragrances and medicinal applications), and the cosmetic industry. Mergers & Acquisitions (M&A) trends are indicative of consolidation efforts, with an estimated volume of 15 M&A deals observed historically, driven by the pursuit of economies of scale and market expansion. Concentration ratios (e.g., CR4) are estimated at 65%, highlighting the influence of key players.
Europe Lime Market Market Trends & Opportunities
The Europe Lime Market is poised for significant growth, projected to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 4.8% during the forecast period. This expansion is fueled by a confluence of evolving consumer preferences for natural and healthy products, a burgeoning demand for diverse culinary ingredients, and increasing applications in the functional food and beverage sectors. Technological advancements in precision agriculture, including IoT-enabled irrigation systems and drone-based monitoring, are enhancing production efficiency and sustainability. Consumer preferences are shifting towards organic and sustainably sourced limes, presenting opportunities for producers who can meet these demands. Competitive dynamics are intensifying, with European growers increasingly focused on value-added products and niche markets. Market penetration rates for specialty lime products are on an upward trajectory, especially in Western European countries. Opportunities also lie in developing novel lime-derived ingredients and exploring new export markets within and beyond the EU. The market size for Europe lime is projected to reach $850 Million by 2033, a substantial increase from its historical valuation.
Dominant Markets & Segments in Europe Lime Market
Spain continues to be the dominant force in the Europe Lime Market, driven by its favorable climate and extensive agricultural infrastructure. Within Spain, regions like Andalusia and Valencia are major contributors to Production Analysis:, accounting for an estimated 70% of the total European output. Key growth drivers in production include government subsidies supporting sustainable practices and investments in water-efficient irrigation systems.
Consumption Analysis: reveals strong demand in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom, where the food and beverage sector is a primary consumer. The growing popularity of exotic flavors in processed foods and beverages fuels this demand.
Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume): highlights significant imports from North Africa and Latin America, particularly to meet year-round supply needs. The value of imports is projected to reach $220 Million by 2033, with an import volume of approximately 180,000 Metric Tons. Factors driving import growth include seasonal production gaps and the demand for specific lime varieties.
Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume): sees Spain as a major exporter, supplying limes to neighboring European countries. The export value is estimated at $150 Million in 2033, with a volume of around 120,000 Metric Tons. Key export drivers include the high quality and perceived prestige of Spanish-grown limes.
Price Trend Analysis: indicates a steady upward trend, influenced by input costs, supply chain disruptions, and weather patterns. The average price per kilogram is expected to fluctuate between $2.50 and $3.20 over the forecast period.
Europe Lime Market Product Analysis
The Europe Lime Market is characterized by ongoing product innovations focused on enhancing shelf life, improving flavor profiles, and developing new applications. Technological advancements in controlled atmosphere storage and ripening techniques are crucial for maintaining freshness throughout the supply chain. Key applications span the lucrative food and beverage industry, where limes are essential for juices, cocktails, and culinary flavoring. The cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors also leverage lime oil for its aromatic properties and potential health benefits. Competitive advantages are derived from geographical origin certifications, organic farming practices, and the development of specialized lime varieties tailored to specific market needs.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in Europe Lime Market
The Europe Lime Market is propelled by several key drivers, including the increasing consumer demand for natural and healthy food products, the growing popularity of international cuisines, and expanding applications in the beverage industry. Technological innovations in cultivation and post-harvest management also play a crucial role.
However, the market faces significant barriers and challenges. Supply chain disruptions, exacerbated by geopolitical events and climate change impacts, pose a substantial threat. Rising input costs, particularly for fertilizers and energy, are impacting profitability for growers. Regulatory complexities and stringent phytosanitary requirements for imports can also create hurdles. Competitive pressures from other citrus fruits and regions with lower production costs remain a constant concern.
Growth Drivers in the Europe Lime Market Market
Growth in the Europe Lime Market is primarily driven by the surging consumer preference for natural ingredients and healthier food options, leading to increased demand for lime in juices, beverages, and culinary applications. The expanding global culinary landscape, embracing diverse flavors, further fuels this demand. Economic factors, such as rising disposable incomes in key European markets, enable consumers to purchase premium and specialty food products, including fresh limes. Furthermore, supportive EU agricultural policies, like the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), provide financial and strategic backing to farmers for sustainable and resilient production, fostering growth. Technological advancements in precision farming and post-harvest handling are enhancing efficiency and reducing waste, contributing to market expansion.
Challenges Impacting Europe Lime Market Growth
Several challenges are impacting the growth of the Europe Lime Market. Climate change poses a significant threat through unpredictable weather patterns, affecting crop yields and quality, leading to price volatility estimated at 15-20% annually. Regulatory complexities, including stringent food safety standards and pesticide residue limits, can create compliance burdens for producers. Supply chain vulnerabilities, as highlighted by recent global events, can lead to significant delays and increased transportation costs, impacting market availability and pricing. Intense competitive pressure from limes imported from lower-cost producing countries, coupled with rising input costs for fertilizers, energy, and labor, squeeze profit margins for European growers.
Key Players Shaping the Europe Lime Market Market
- Limoneros Castellón S.L.
- Limón y Pomelo S.A.L.
- Coexphal Almeria S.C.A.
- El Soles S.L.
- Agricola de Productores de Limón S.A.
Significant Europe Lime Market Industry Milestones
- January 2023: The European Commission's new Common Agricultural Policy is implemented, aiming to support European farmers in their transition to a more sustainable and resilient agricultural industry, as well as in preserving the diversity of rural communities. These strategic plans support rural lemon growers in improving production.
- March 2022: The European Commission published a Statement on "Safeguarding food security and enhancing the resilience of food systems" to help European farmers in the situation of rising commodity prices and fertilizer input costs as a result of the Ukraine war. The European Union announced an investment of USD 535 Million to directly assist most affected European farmers.
Future Outlook for Europe Lime Market Market
The future outlook for the Europe Lime Market is exceptionally positive, driven by sustained consumer interest in health and wellness, coupled with the increasing use of limes in innovative food and beverage products. Opportunities abound for producers focusing on organic and sustainable cultivation methods, aligning with evolving consumer demands and EU environmental goals. Investments in advanced agricultural technologies will further enhance efficiency and resilience, positioning European growers to compete effectively. The market is expected to see continued growth, with an estimated market size reaching $850 Million by the end of the forecast period, supported by a robust CAGR and expanding applications across various industries.
Europe Lime Market Segmentation
- 1. Production Analysis
- 2. Consumption Analysis
- 3. Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 4. Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 5. Price Trend Analysis
Europe Lime Market Segmentation By Geography
- 1. Spain
- 2. France
- 3. United Kingdom
- 4. Germany
- 5. Russia

Europe Lime Market Regional Market Share

Geographic Coverage of Europe Lime Market
Europe Lime Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2020-2034 |
| Base Year | 2025 |
| Estimated Year | 2026 |
| Forecast Period | 2026-2034 |
| Historical Period | 2020-2025 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of 4.10% from 2020-2034 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Rising Consumption of Cashew Nuts in the Country; Favorable Government Initiatives
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Hazardous Climatic Condition Hinders Cashew Production; Stringent Regulations Related to Food Quality Standards
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Rising Domestic Consumption Drives the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. Europe Lime Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 5.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 5.6. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.6.1. Spain
- 5.6.2. France
- 5.6.3. United Kingdom
- 5.6.4. Germany
- 5.6.5. Russia
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 6. Spain Europe Lime Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 6.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 6.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 7. France Europe Lime Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 7.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 7.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 8. United Kingdom Europe Lime Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 8.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 8.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 9. Germany Europe Lime Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 9.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 9.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 9.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 9.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 9.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 10. Russia Europe Lime Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 10.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Consumption Analysis
- 10.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 10.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume)
- 10.5. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Price Trend Analysis
- 10.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Production Analysis
- 11. Germany Europe Lime Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 12. France Europe Lime Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 13. Italy Europe Lime Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 14. United Kingdom Europe Lime Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 15. Netherlands Europe Lime Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 16. Sweden Europe Lime Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 17. Rest of Europe Europe Lime Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2020-2032
- 18. Competitive Analysis
- 18.1. Market Share Analysis 2025
- 18.2. Company Profiles
- 18.2.1 Limoneros Castellón S.L.
- 18.2.1.1. Overview
- 18.2.1.2. Products
- 18.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.2 Limón y Pomelo S.A.L.
- 18.2.2.1. Overview
- 18.2.2.2. Products
- 18.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.3 Coexphal Almeria S.C.A.
- 18.2.3.1. Overview
- 18.2.3.2. Products
- 18.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.4 El Soles S.L.
- 18.2.4.1. Overview
- 18.2.4.2. Products
- 18.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.5 Agricola de Productores de Limón S.A.
- 18.2.5.1. Overview
- 18.2.5.2. Products
- 18.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 18.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 18.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 18.2.1 Limoneros Castellón S.L.
List of Figures
- Figure 1: Europe Lime Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2025 & 2033
- Figure 2: Europe Lime Market Share (%) by Company 2025
List of Tables
- Table 1: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2020 & 2033
- Table 2: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 3: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 4: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 5: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 6: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 7: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2020 & 2033
- Table 8: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 9: Germany Europe Lime Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 10: France Europe Lime Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 11: Italy Europe Lime Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 12: United Kingdom Europe Lime Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 13: Netherlands Europe Lime Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 14: Sweden Europe Lime Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 15: Rest of Europe Europe Lime Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2020 & 2033
- Table 16: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 17: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 18: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 19: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 20: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 21: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 22: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 23: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 24: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 25: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 26: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 27: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 28: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 29: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 30: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 31: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 32: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 33: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 34: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 35: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 36: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 37: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 38: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 39: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
- Table 40: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Production Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 41: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Consumption Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 42: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 43: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume) 2020 & 2033
- Table 44: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Price Trend Analysis 2020 & 2033
- Table 45: Europe Lime Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2020 & 2033
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the Europe Lime Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately 4.10%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the Europe Lime Market?
Key companies in the market include Limoneros Castellón S.L. , Limón y Pomelo S.A.L. , Coexphal Almeria S.C.A., El Soles S.L. , Agricola de Productores de Limón S.A. .
3. What are the main segments of the Europe Lime Market?
The market segments include Production Analysis, Consumption Analysis, Import Market Analysis (Value & Volume), Export Market Analysis (Value & Volume), Price Trend Analysis.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XXX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Rising Consumption of Cashew Nuts in the Country; Favorable Government Initiatives.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Rising Domestic Consumption Drives the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Hazardous Climatic Condition Hinders Cashew Production; Stringent Regulations Related to Food Quality Standards.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
January 2023: The European Commission's new Common Agricultural Policy will support European farmers in their transition to a more sustainable and resilient agricultural industry, as well as in preserving the diversity of rural communities. These strategic plans support rural lemon growers in improving production.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "Europe Lime Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the Europe Lime Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the Europe Lime Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the Europe Lime Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence

