Key Insights
The South America Ready Mix Concrete market is poised for robust expansion, driven by significant infrastructure development, a burgeoning construction sector, and increasing urbanization across the region. With a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 5.50%, the market is expected to witness substantial value growth from its current market size of approximately $15,000 million. This growth is fueled by a strong demand from key end-use sectors including infrastructure, commercial, and residential construction. Investments in transportation networks, public facilities, and housing projects are primary catalysts, demanding high-quality and consistent concrete supply. Furthermore, the trend towards pre-fabricated and advanced concrete solutions is gaining traction, offering efficiency and sustainability benefits to construction projects. The increasing adoption of Transit Mixed concrete, which offers on-site batching and delivery flexibility, is also a significant growth driver.
Despite the positive outlook, certain factors could present challenges. Volatility in raw material prices, such as cement and aggregates, coupled with logistical complexities in certain remote areas of South America, could impact profit margins and project timelines. Regulatory hurdles and the availability of skilled labor may also pose moderate restraints. However, companies like Holcim, CEMEX, and Votorantim Cimento are actively investing in technological advancements and expanding their production capacities to meet the escalating demand. The market is segmented by product type into Central Mixed, Shrink Mixed, and Transit Mixed, with Transit Mixed expected to capture a significant market share due to its inherent advantages. Geographically, Brazil, as the largest economy in South America, is anticipated to lead the market, followed by other key nations like Colombia, Argentina, and Peru, each contributing to the overall market dynamism.
South America Ready Mix Concrete Market: Comprehensive Analysis & Future Projections (2019-2033)
This in-depth report provides a dynamic and SEO-optimized analysis of the South America Ready Mix Concrete Market. Covering the historical period from 2019-2024, base year 2025, and a forecast period extending to 2033, this study leverages high-volume keywords to deliver unparalleled insights for industry stakeholders. Discover market segmentation by End Use Sector (Commercial, Industrial and Institutional, Infrastructure, Residential) and Product (Central Mixed, Shrink Mixed, Transit Mixed), alongside critical industry developments and competitive strategies.
South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Market Structure & Competitive Landscape
The South America Ready Mix Concrete Market exhibits a moderately concentrated structure, with major players like Holcim, Votorantim Cimento, UNACEM, Melón S A, LenoBetão, ULTRACEM S A S, CEMEX S A B de C V, Argos Group, Polimix Concreto, and Supermix dominating regional production and supply. Innovation drivers are primarily focused on enhancing concrete performance, sustainability, and efficient logistics. Regulatory impacts, particularly concerning environmental standards and construction codes, significantly influence market entry and operational strategies. Product substitutes, while present in niche applications, face challenges in matching the versatility and cost-effectiveness of ready-mix concrete for large-scale projects. End-user segmentation reveals the Infrastructure sector as a major consumer, driven by government spending on transportation and utilities, followed by Residential and Commercial developments. Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are a notable trend, with players consolidating to expand geographic reach and achieve economies of scale. For instance, Holcim's divestment of its Brazilian business, including 19 ready-mix concrete plants, for USD 1.025 billion in September 2022, exemplifies this consolidation. The market's concentration ratio is influenced by the capital-intensive nature of ready-mix concrete operations and the importance of local supply chains.
South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Market Trends & Opportunities
The South America Ready Mix Concrete Market is poised for robust growth, projecting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of approximately 5.5% from 2025 to 2033, reaching an estimated market size of USD 15.6 Billion by 2033. This expansion is fueled by increasing urbanization across the continent, leading to a sustained demand for new construction and infrastructure development. Technological shifts are playing a pivotal role, with advancements in concrete admixtures allowing for enhanced durability, faster setting times, and improved workability, catering to the evolving needs of complex construction projects. Consumer preferences are leaning towards sustainable building materials, prompting manufacturers to invest in eco-friendly concrete formulations and production processes, such as those incorporating recycled aggregates or low-carbon cement alternatives. The competitive landscape is characterized by strategic investments in expanding production capacities and optimizing logistics networks to serve growing demand centers. For example, Polimix Concreto's expansion in Brazil with new facilities in Campinas (August 2023) and Mooca (May 2023) underscores the drive to increase market penetration and customer reach. Opportunities abound in emerging markets within countries like Colombia, Peru, and Chile, where significant infrastructure projects are on the horizon. The growing adoption of precast concrete solutions and the increasing use of smart concrete technologies also present new avenues for market growth and differentiation. Furthermore, government initiatives promoting affordable housing and urban renewal projects across South America are expected to sustain the demand for ready-mix concrete, contributing to overall market penetration rates. The focus on modular construction techniques is also indirectly boosting the demand for precisely formulated ready-mix concrete.
Dominant Markets & Segments in South America Ready Mix Concrete Market
The Infrastructure segment within the End Use Sector is the dominant force in the South America Ready Mix Concrete Market, driven by substantial governmental investments in transportation networks, energy projects, and public utilities. Countries like Brazil, Argentina, and Colombia are at the forefront of this growth, characterized by large-scale projects such as highway expansions, port developments, and renewable energy installations.
- Infrastructure: This segment's dominance is propelled by ambitious government spending on public works, including:
- Transportation: Expansion and modernization of roads, bridges, airports, and railways to improve connectivity and facilitate trade.
- Energy: Development of hydroelectric dams, power plants, and transmission lines, requiring massive volumes of concrete.
- Water & Sanitation: Construction of reservoirs, pipelines, and wastewater treatment facilities to address growing urban needs.
- Policies: Favorable government policies and public-private partnerships accelerate project timelines and concrete demand.
The Residential sector also presents significant growth potential, fueled by rapid urbanization and a rising middle class demanding improved housing solutions. Emerging economies are witnessing substantial demand for both affordable and premium residential developments.
- Residential: Key growth drivers include:
- Urbanization: Increasing migration to cities necessitates new housing construction.
- Affordable Housing Initiatives: Government programs to boost the availability of low-cost housing.
- Lifestyle Upgrades: Demand for modern apartments and single-family homes with enhanced amenities.
In terms of Product, Central Mixed concrete typically leads in volume due to its suitability for large-scale construction projects that require consistent quality and precise batching.
- Central Mixed: This product type is preferred for its:
- Quality Control: Centralized batching allows for stringent quality assurance.
- Efficiency: Optimized production processes cater to high-volume project demands.
- Consistency: Ensures uniform concrete properties across large construction sites.
While Transit Mixed concrete offers flexibility for sites with varying demand, and Shrink Mixed caters to specific project needs, Central Mixed remains the workhorse for major infrastructure and commercial developments driving market dominance.
South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Product Analysis
Product innovations in the South America Ready Mix Concrete Market are increasingly focused on high-performance concretes, including self-consolidating concrete (SCC) and fiber-reinforced concrete, which offer enhanced structural integrity and aesthetic appeal. Advances in admixtures allow for tailored properties like increased durability, reduced permeability, and faster curing times, crucial for meeting project deadlines and challenging environmental conditions. These technological advancements provide a significant competitive advantage by enabling contractors to achieve superior construction outcomes, reduce labor costs, and improve the lifespan of infrastructure and buildings. The market fit for these innovative products is driven by the growing demand for sustainable and resilient construction solutions across commercial, industrial, and residential applications.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in South America Ready Mix Concrete Market
The South America Ready Mix Concrete Market is propelled by key drivers including robust infrastructure development projects funded by governments and international organizations, coupled with increasing urbanization and a growing middle class fueling residential and commercial construction. Technological advancements in concrete formulations, offering enhanced performance and sustainability, also act as significant growth catalysts.
Key challenges impacting growth include the volatility of raw material prices, particularly cement and aggregates, which can significantly affect profit margins. Supply chain disruptions, influenced by logistical complexities and port congestion in some regions, can lead to project delays and increased costs. Furthermore, stringent and evolving environmental regulations, while beneficial long-term, require substantial investment in compliance and can pose barriers to entry for smaller players. Competitive pressures from established players and the presence of informal concrete production also present ongoing challenges.
Growth Drivers in the South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Market
Growth in the South America Ready Mix Concrete Market is significantly driven by substantial investments in infrastructure, such as transportation networks and energy projects, often supported by government initiatives and public-private partnerships. Urbanization trends across the continent are fueling a continuous demand for residential and commercial construction, thereby boosting the need for ready-mix concrete. Technological advancements in admixtures and concrete formulations are enhancing performance, durability, and sustainability, making ready-mix concrete a more attractive option for complex projects. Economic recovery and increased foreign direct investment in construction activities further contribute to market expansion.
Challenges Impacting South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Growth
Challenges impacting South America Ready Mix Concrete Market growth include the inherent volatility of raw material prices, particularly cement and aggregate costs, which can squeeze profit margins. Logistical complexities and inadequate transportation infrastructure in certain regions can lead to supply chain disruptions, causing project delays and increased operational expenses. Stringent and evolving environmental regulations necessitate significant investment in compliance, while also creating potential barriers to market entry. Intense competition among established players and the informal sector exerts downward pressure on pricing. Furthermore, economic instability and currency fluctuations in some countries can deter investment and impact project viability.
Key Players Shaping the South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Market
- Holcim
- Votorantim Cimento
- UNACEM
- Melón S A
- LenoBetão
- ULTRACEM S A S
- CEMEX S A B de C V
- Argos Group
- Polimix Concreto
- Supermix
Significant South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Industry Milestones
- August 2023: Polimix Concreto augmented its presence in Brazil's concrete market by inaugurating a new production facility for ready-mix concrete in Campinas, Sao Paulo.
- May 2023: Polimix Concreto expanded its presence in Brazil's concrete market by commissioning a new manufacturing facility in Mooca, Sao Paulo, aiming to cater to more customers.
- September 2022: Holcim completed divesting its business in Brazil to Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional for USD 1.025 billion, which included Holcim's 19 ready-mix concrete plants.
Future Outlook for South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Market
The future outlook for the South America Ready Mix Concrete Market is highly optimistic, driven by sustained urbanization, ongoing infrastructure development, and a growing emphasis on sustainable construction practices. Strategic opportunities lie in leveraging technological advancements for enhanced product performance and eco-friendly solutions. Market players are expected to focus on expanding their production capacities and optimizing supply chains to meet the escalating demand in emerging economies. Investments in research and development for innovative concrete applications, coupled with a proactive approach to regulatory compliance, will be crucial for maintaining a competitive edge and capitalizing on the significant market potential projected for the coming years.
South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Segmentation
-
1. End Use Sector
- 1.1. Commercial
- 1.2. Industrial and Institutional
- 1.3. Infrastructure
- 1.4. Residential
-
2. Product
- 2.1. Central Mixed
- 2.2. Shrink Mixed
- 2.3. Transit Mixed
South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Segmentation By Geography
-
1. South America
- 1.1. Brazil
- 1.2. Argentina
- 1.3. Chile
- 1.4. Colombia
- 1.5. Peru
- 1.6. Venezuela
- 1.7. Ecuador
- 1.8. Bolivia
- 1.9. Paraguay
- 1.10. Uruguay
South America Ready Mix Concrete Market REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
| Aspects | Details |
|---|---|
| Study Period | 2019-2033 |
| Base Year | 2024 |
| Estimated Year | 2025 |
| Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
| Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
| Growth Rate | CAGR of > 5.50% from 2019-2033 |
| Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. Growing Consumption for Polyethylene Terephthalate in the Packaging Sector; Significant Demand of Polyester Fibers from the Textile Sector in Asia Pacific
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. Toxic Effects of Terephthalic Acid
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End Use Sector
- 5.1.1. Commercial
- 5.1.2. Industrial and Institutional
- 5.1.3. Infrastructure
- 5.1.4. Residential
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Product
- 5.2.1. Central Mixed
- 5.2.2. Shrink Mixed
- 5.2.3. Transit Mixed
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.3.1. South America
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End Use Sector
- 6. Brazil South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7. Argentina South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8. Rest of South America South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 9. Competitive Analysis
- 9.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 9.2. Company Profiles
- 9.2.1 Holcim
- 9.2.1.1. Overview
- 9.2.1.2. Products
- 9.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.2 Votorantim Cimento
- 9.2.2.1. Overview
- 9.2.2.2. Products
- 9.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.3 UNACEM
- 9.2.3.1. Overview
- 9.2.3.2. Products
- 9.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.4 Melón S A
- 9.2.4.1. Overview
- 9.2.4.2. Products
- 9.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.5 LenoBetão
- 9.2.5.1. Overview
- 9.2.5.2. Products
- 9.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.6 ULTRACEM S A S
- 9.2.6.1. Overview
- 9.2.6.2. Products
- 9.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.7 CEMEX S A B de C V
- 9.2.7.1. Overview
- 9.2.7.2. Products
- 9.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.8 Argos Group
- 9.2.8.1. Overview
- 9.2.8.2. Products
- 9.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.9 Polimix Concreto
- 9.2.9.1. Overview
- 9.2.9.2. Products
- 9.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.10 Supermix
- 9.2.10.1. Overview
- 9.2.10.2. Products
- 9.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 9.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 9.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 9.2.1 Holcim
List of Figures
- Figure 1: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End Use Sector 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by End Use Sector 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: Brazil South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: Brazil South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: Argentina South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: Argentina South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Rest of South America South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Rest of South America South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue Million Forecast, by End Use Sector 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by End Use Sector 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Product 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume K Tons Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: Brazil South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: Brazil South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: Argentina South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: Argentina South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: Chile South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: Chile South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: Colombia South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: Colombia South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: Peru South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: Peru South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: Venezuela South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: Venezuela South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: Ecuador South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: Ecuador South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: Bolivia South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: Bolivia South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: Paraguay South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: Paraguay South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: Uruguay South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: Uruguay South America Ready Mix Concrete Market Volume (K Tons) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the South America Ready Mix Concrete Market?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 5.50%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the South America Ready Mix Concrete Market?
Key companies in the market include Holcim, Votorantim Cimento, UNACEM, Melón S A, LenoBetão, ULTRACEM S A S, CEMEX S A B de C V, Argos Group, Polimix Concreto, Supermix.
3. What are the main segments of the South America Ready Mix Concrete Market?
The market segments include End Use Sector, Product.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
Growing Consumption for Polyethylene Terephthalate in the Packaging Sector; Significant Demand of Polyester Fibers from the Textile Sector in Asia Pacific.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
Toxic Effects of Terephthalic Acid.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
August 2023: Polimix Concreto augmented its presence in Brazil's concrete market by inaugurating a new production facility for ready-mix concrete in Campinas, Sao Paulo.May 2023: Polimix Concreto expanded its presence in Brazil's concrete market by commissioning a new manufacturing facility in Mooca, Sao Paulo. Polimix Concreto aims to cater to more customers through this expansion.September 2022: Holcim completed divesting its business in Brazil to Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional for USD 1.025 billion. The divestment includes Holcim's 19 ready-mix concrete plants.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 3800, USD 4500, and USD 5800 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Tons.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "South America Ready Mix Concrete Market," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the South America Ready Mix Concrete Market report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the South America Ready Mix Concrete Market?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the South America Ready Mix Concrete Market, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence

