Key Insights
The North American generator sets market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing demand across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. The market's expansion is fueled by several key factors: rising concerns about power outages and grid instability, particularly in areas prone to natural disasters; the growing adoption of backup power solutions for critical infrastructure like hospitals and data centers; and the increasing reliance on portable generators for construction, mining, and other industrial applications. The market is segmented by fuel type, with diesel generators holding a significant share due to their power and reliability, followed by natural gas generators benefiting from lower operating costs and environmental concerns. However, the market also witnesses growth in other fuel types, reflecting efforts to enhance sustainability. Companies like Generac, Cummins, and Caterpillar dominate the market, leveraging their strong brand reputation and extensive distribution networks. The market's sustained growth is expected to continue through 2033, with a projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) exceeding 3%. This growth, however, may face constraints such as fluctuating fuel prices and the increasing adoption of renewable energy sources in some sectors.
The North American region, encompassing the United States, Canada, and Mexico, constitutes a substantial portion of the global generator sets market. The United States, with its large and diverse industrial base and a high concentration of critical infrastructure, remains the largest market within North America. Canada’s market is characterized by a strong focus on renewable energy integration, while Mexico presents significant opportunities for growth, driven by ongoing infrastructure development. Competitive pressures remain high, with established players constantly innovating to offer more efficient, fuel-flexible, and environmentally friendly generator sets. The market is also witnessing the entry of new players, particularly those focusing on smaller, more specialized applications and technological advancements such as smart grid integration and remote monitoring capabilities. Overall, the North American generator sets market offers lucrative investment opportunities for both established and emerging businesses while also responding to the increasing need for reliable and resilient power solutions.

North America Generator Sets Industry: Market Analysis & Forecast 2019-2033
This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the North America generator sets industry, encompassing market size, growth drivers, competitive landscape, and future outlook. The study covers the period from 2019 to 2033, with 2025 as the base year. The report leverages extensive primary and secondary research to deliver actionable insights for industry stakeholders. Expect in-depth analysis across key segments, including residential, commercial, and industrial end-users, and fuel types like diesel, natural gas, and others.
North America Generator Sets Industry Market Structure & Competitive Landscape
The North America generator sets market exhibits a moderately consolidated structure, with several large players commanding significant market share. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is estimated at xx in 2025, indicating a moderately competitive landscape. However, the market is characterized by significant innovation, particularly in fuel efficiency and emission reduction technologies. Stringent environmental regulations, including increasingly strict emission standards, are driving innovation and shaping market dynamics. The industry faces competitive pressure from alternative power solutions, such as solar and wind energy, particularly in the residential and commercial sectors.
- Market Concentration: The top five players account for approximately xx% of the market share in 2025.
- Innovation Drivers: Demand for cleaner energy solutions, technological advancements in fuel cells and hybrid systems, and increasing focus on smart grid integration.
- Regulatory Impacts: Stringent emission regulations, particularly in California and other states, are compelling manufacturers to adopt cleaner technologies.
- Product Substitutes: Solar power systems, battery storage solutions, and microgrids are emerging as alternatives in certain segments.
- End-User Segmentation: The industrial sector currently holds the largest market share, followed by commercial and then residential. However, residential segment growth is expected to be significant in the forecast period due to increasing power outages and reliance on backup power.
- M&A Trends: The past five years have witnessed xx number of mergers and acquisitions in the industry, primarily focused on expanding product portfolios and geographic reach. The total transaction value is estimated at $xx Million.
North America Generator Sets Industry Market Trends & Opportunities
The North America generator sets market is experiencing robust growth, driven by factors such as increasing electricity demand, rising frequency of power outages, and growth in the construction and industrial sectors. The market size is projected to reach $xx Million in 2025 and is anticipated to expand at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of xx% during the forecast period (2025-2033). Technological shifts towards cleaner fuel options like natural gas and hydrogen, coupled with advancements in hybrid and fuel cell technologies, are creating significant market opportunities. Consumer preferences are increasingly shifting towards more efficient, reliable, and environmentally friendly generator sets. Competition is intensifying, with established players focusing on innovation, cost optimization, and expansion into new geographic markets.

Dominant Markets & Segments in North America Generator Sets Industry
The industrial sector dominates the North America generator sets market, accounting for xx% of the total market value in 2025, driven by robust demand from manufacturing, oil & gas, and other heavy industries. The United States remains the largest market within North America.
Key Growth Drivers:
- Industrial Sector: High demand for reliable backup power in manufacturing facilities, data centers, and critical infrastructure.
- Commercial Sector: Growth in commercial real estate, increased focus on business continuity, and stringent regulations related to backup power.
- Residential Sector: Growing awareness of power outages and increased adoption of home standby generators.
Fuel Type Segmentation: Diesel generators currently hold the largest market share, but natural gas generators are gaining traction due to their lower emissions and cost-effectiveness. The "Others" segment (including propane, gasoline etc.) accounts for approximately xx% of the market share and is expected to grow at a slower rate than diesel or natural gas segments.
Market Dominance Analysis: The industrial segment's dominance is attributed to the high demand for power in manufacturing, oil and gas, and mining. This sector’s consistent operational requirements necessitate reliable backup power solutions. The US market leads due to its large and diversified economy, substantial industrial output, and frequent power disruptions in certain regions.
North America Generator Sets Industry Product Analysis
The North America generator sets market offers a diverse range of products, catering to various power requirements and end-user applications. Recent innovations include the introduction of quieter, more fuel-efficient models, hybrid generator sets integrating renewable energy sources, and the emergence of hydrogen fuel cell generators. These advancements enhance efficiency, reduce emissions, and improve the overall value proposition for customers. The market fit is largely driven by regulatory pressure for cleaner solutions and the growing preference for sustainable technologies.
Key Drivers, Barriers & Challenges in North America Generator Sets Industry
Key Drivers:
- Increased Power Outages: Growing frequency and duration of power disruptions fuel demand for reliable backup power.
- Industrial Expansion: Growth in manufacturing and other industrial sectors significantly contributes to generator demand.
- Stringent Emission Regulations: Regulations necessitate the adoption of cleaner, more fuel-efficient generator technologies.
Key Challenges:
- Supply Chain Disruptions: Global supply chain issues have impacted the availability of components, causing delays and price increases. This has affected the production timelines and profitability of some manufacturers, resulting in a xx% increase in average production costs in 2023.
- Rising Raw Material Costs: Increased cost of materials like steel and aluminum, has led to higher generator prices, affecting affordability for certain consumer segments.
- Intense Competition: The presence of numerous established and emerging players leads to aggressive price competition and reduced profit margins.
Growth Drivers in the North America Generator Sets Industry Market
The North American generator sets market is driven primarily by the increasing frequency of power outages, particularly in regions prone to severe weather events. Economic growth across various sectors, especially industrial and commercial construction, further stimulates demand. Regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions encourage the development and adoption of more environmentally friendly generators utilizing natural gas or hydrogen fuel cells.
Challenges Impacting North America Generator Sets Industry Growth
Supply chain disruptions and rising raw material prices continue to pose significant challenges to the industry. Regulatory hurdles associated with meeting emission standards can also impede market growth. Moreover, intense competition among established and emerging players places downward pressure on prices and profit margins, impacting overall industry profitability.
Key Players Shaping the North America Generator Sets Industry Market
- Doosan Corporation (Bobcat)
- Kohler Co
- Briggs & Stratton Corporation
- Atlas Copco AB
- Caterpillar Inc
- GeneratorJoe Inc
- Cummins Inc
- Grupel SA
- Himoinsa (Yanmar Co Ltd )
- Generac Holdings Inc
- Genesal Energy
- Rolls-Royce Holding PLC
Significant North America Generator Sets Industry Milestones
- October 2022: Generac Power Systems and EODev announce a distribution agreement for zero-emission hydrogen fuel cell generators in North America, signaling a shift towards cleaner energy solutions. This has created significant buzz and positive media coverage, leading to increased investor interest in the sector.
- June 2022: Cummins Inc. launches a new 1MW twin-pack diesel generator, expanding its product portfolio and catering to the growing demand for high-power rental solutions. The introduction of this product has solidified Cummins' position in the market, making it a top competitor in the high-power rental segment.
Future Outlook for North America Generator Sets Industry Market
The North America generator sets market is poised for continued growth, driven by the increasing need for reliable backup power and the growing adoption of cleaner fuel technologies. Strategic investments in research and development, coupled with the expansion into new geographic markets and partnerships with renewable energy providers, are likely to shape future market dynamics. The market is expected to witness significant innovation, with emerging technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells playing a major role in shaping the future of the industry. Opportunities exist for companies to capitalize on the growing demand for sustainable and efficient power solutions.
North America Generator Sets Industry Segmentation
-
1. Fuel Type
- 1.1. Diesel
- 1.2. Natural Gas
- 1.3. Others
-
2. End-User
- 2.1. Residential
- 2.2. Commercial
- 2.3. Industrial
-
3. Geography
- 3.1. United States
- 3.2. Canada
- 3.3. Mexico
North America Generator Sets Industry Segmentation By Geography
- 1. United States
- 2. Canada
- 3. Mexico

North America Generator Sets Industry REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
Aspects | Details |
---|---|
Study Period | 2019-2033 |
Base Year | 2024 |
Estimated Year | 2025 |
Forecast Period | 2025-2033 |
Historical Period | 2019-2024 |
Growth Rate | CAGR of > 3.00% from 2019-2033 |
Segmentation |
|
Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1. Research Scope
- 1.2. Market Segmentation
- 1.3. Research Methodology
- 1.4. Definitions and Assumptions
- 2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Introduction
- 3. Market Dynamics
- 3.1. Introduction
- 3.2. Market Drivers
- 3.2.1. 4.; Corporate Sustainability Goals4.; Stringent Regultions and Compliance
- 3.3. Market Restrains
- 3.3.1. 4.; High Complexity in Carbon Accounting
- 3.4. Market Trends
- 3.4.1. Diesel Segment Expected to Dominate the Market
- 4. Market Factor Analysis
- 4.1. Porters Five Forces
- 4.2. Supply/Value Chain
- 4.3. PESTEL analysis
- 4.4. Market Entropy
- 4.5. Patent/Trademark Analysis
- 5. North America Generator Sets Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fuel Type
- 5.1.1. Diesel
- 5.1.2. Natural Gas
- 5.1.3. Others
- 5.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User
- 5.2.1. Residential
- 5.2.2. Commercial
- 5.2.3. Industrial
- 5.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 5.3.1. United States
- 5.3.2. Canada
- 5.3.3. Mexico
- 5.4. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Region
- 5.4.1. United States
- 5.4.2. Canada
- 5.4.3. Mexico
- 5.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fuel Type
- 6. United States North America Generator Sets Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fuel Type
- 6.1.1. Diesel
- 6.1.2. Natural Gas
- 6.1.3. Others
- 6.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User
- 6.2.1. Residential
- 6.2.2. Commercial
- 6.2.3. Industrial
- 6.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 6.3.1. United States
- 6.3.2. Canada
- 6.3.3. Mexico
- 6.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fuel Type
- 7. Canada North America Generator Sets Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fuel Type
- 7.1.1. Diesel
- 7.1.2. Natural Gas
- 7.1.3. Others
- 7.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User
- 7.2.1. Residential
- 7.2.2. Commercial
- 7.2.3. Industrial
- 7.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 7.3.1. United States
- 7.3.2. Canada
- 7.3.3. Mexico
- 7.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fuel Type
- 8. Mexico North America Generator Sets Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fuel Type
- 8.1.1. Diesel
- 8.1.2. Natural Gas
- 8.1.3. Others
- 8.2. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by End-User
- 8.2.1. Residential
- 8.2.2. Commercial
- 8.2.3. Industrial
- 8.3. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Geography
- 8.3.1. United States
- 8.3.2. Canada
- 8.3.3. Mexico
- 8.1. Market Analysis, Insights and Forecast - by Fuel Type
- 9. United States North America Generator Sets Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 10. Canada North America Generator Sets Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 11. Mexico North America Generator Sets Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 12. Rest of North America North America Generator Sets Industry Analysis, Insights and Forecast, 2019-2031
- 13. Competitive Analysis
- 13.1. Market Share Analysis 2024
- 13.2. Company Profiles
- 13.2.1 Doosan Corporation (Bobcat)
- 13.2.1.1. Overview
- 13.2.1.2. Products
- 13.2.1.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.1.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.1.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.2 Kohler Co
- 13.2.2.1. Overview
- 13.2.2.2. Products
- 13.2.2.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.2.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.2.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.3 Briggs & Stratton Corporation
- 13.2.3.1. Overview
- 13.2.3.2. Products
- 13.2.3.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.3.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.3.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.4 Atlas Copco AB
- 13.2.4.1. Overview
- 13.2.4.2. Products
- 13.2.4.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.4.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.4.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.5 Caterpillar Inc
- 13.2.5.1. Overview
- 13.2.5.2. Products
- 13.2.5.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.5.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.5.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.6 GeneratorJoe Inc
- 13.2.6.1. Overview
- 13.2.6.2. Products
- 13.2.6.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.6.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.6.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.7 Cummins Inc
- 13.2.7.1. Overview
- 13.2.7.2. Products
- 13.2.7.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.7.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.7.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.8 Grupel SA
- 13.2.8.1. Overview
- 13.2.8.2. Products
- 13.2.8.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.8.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.8.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.9 Himoinsa (Yanmar Co Ltd )
- 13.2.9.1. Overview
- 13.2.9.2. Products
- 13.2.9.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.9.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.9.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.10 Generac Holdings Inc
- 13.2.10.1. Overview
- 13.2.10.2. Products
- 13.2.10.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.10.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.10.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.11 Genesal Energy
- 13.2.11.1. Overview
- 13.2.11.2. Products
- 13.2.11.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.11.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.11.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.12 Rolls-Royce Holding PLC
- 13.2.12.1. Overview
- 13.2.12.2. Products
- 13.2.12.3. SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.12.4. Recent Developments
- 13.2.12.5. Financials (Based on Availability)
- 13.2.1 Doosan Corporation (Bobcat)
List of Figures
- Figure 1: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Breakdown (Million, %) by Product 2024 & 2032
- Figure 2: North America Generator Sets Industry Share (%) by Company 2024
List of Tables
- Table 1: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 2: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 3: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Fuel Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 4: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Fuel Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 5: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 6: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 7: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 8: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 9: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 10: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Region 2019 & 2032
- Table 11: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 12: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 13: United States North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 14: United States North America Generator Sets Industry Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 15: Canada North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 16: Canada North America Generator Sets Industry Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 17: Mexico North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 18: Mexico North America Generator Sets Industry Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 19: Rest of North America North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue (Million) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 20: Rest of North America North America Generator Sets Industry Volume (K Unit) Forecast, by Application 2019 & 2032
- Table 21: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Fuel Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 22: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Fuel Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 23: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 24: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 25: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 26: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 27: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 28: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 29: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Fuel Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 30: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Fuel Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 31: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 32: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 33: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 34: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 35: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 36: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 37: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Fuel Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 38: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Fuel Type 2019 & 2032
- Table 39: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 40: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by End-User 2019 & 2032
- Table 41: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 42: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Geography 2019 & 2032
- Table 43: North America Generator Sets Industry Revenue Million Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
- Table 44: North America Generator Sets Industry Volume K Unit Forecast, by Country 2019 & 2032
Frequently Asked Questions
1. What is the projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of the North America Generator Sets Industry?
The projected CAGR is approximately > 3.00%.
2. Which companies are prominent players in the North America Generator Sets Industry?
Key companies in the market include Doosan Corporation (Bobcat), Kohler Co, Briggs & Stratton Corporation, Atlas Copco AB, Caterpillar Inc, GeneratorJoe Inc, Cummins Inc, Grupel SA, Himoinsa (Yanmar Co Ltd ), Generac Holdings Inc, Genesal Energy, Rolls-Royce Holding PLC.
3. What are the main segments of the North America Generator Sets Industry?
The market segments include Fuel Type, End-User, Geography.
4. Can you provide details about the market size?
The market size is estimated to be USD XX Million as of 2022.
5. What are some drivers contributing to market growth?
4.; Corporate Sustainability Goals4.; Stringent Regultions and Compliance.
6. What are the notable trends driving market growth?
Diesel Segment Expected to Dominate the Market.
7. Are there any restraints impacting market growth?
4.; High Complexity in Carbon Accounting.
8. Can you provide examples of recent developments in the market?
October 2022: Generac Power Systems, a leading global designer and manufacturer of energy technology solutions and other power products, and EODev, a French developer and manufacturer of zero-emission hydrogen fuel cell power generators, announced a formal distribution agreement. Generac will offer EODev's GEH2 generators, a large-scale, zero-emissions hydrogen fuel cell power generator, to the North American market.
9. What pricing options are available for accessing the report?
Pricing options include single-user, multi-user, and enterprise licenses priced at USD 4750, USD 5250, and USD 8750 respectively.
10. Is the market size provided in terms of value or volume?
The market size is provided in terms of value, measured in Million and volume, measured in K Unit.
11. Are there any specific market keywords associated with the report?
Yes, the market keyword associated with the report is "North America Generator Sets Industry," which aids in identifying and referencing the specific market segment covered.
12. How do I determine which pricing option suits my needs best?
The pricing options vary based on user requirements and access needs. Individual users may opt for single-user licenses, while businesses requiring broader access may choose multi-user or enterprise licenses for cost-effective access to the report.
13. Are there any additional resources or data provided in the North America Generator Sets Industry report?
While the report offers comprehensive insights, it's advisable to review the specific contents or supplementary materials provided to ascertain if additional resources or data are available.
14. How can I stay updated on further developments or reports in the North America Generator Sets Industry?
To stay informed about further developments, trends, and reports in the North America Generator Sets Industry, consider subscribing to industry newsletters, following relevant companies and organizations, or regularly checking reputable industry news sources and publications.
Methodology
Step 1 - Identification of Relevant Samples Size from Population Database



Step 2 - Approaches for Defining Global Market Size (Value, Volume* & Price*)

Note*: In applicable scenarios
Step 3 - Data Sources
Primary Research
- Web Analytics
- Survey Reports
- Research Institute
- Latest Research Reports
- Opinion Leaders
Secondary Research
- Annual Reports
- White Paper
- Latest Press Release
- Industry Association
- Paid Database
- Investor Presentations

Step 4 - Data Triangulation
Involves using different sources of information in order to increase the validity of a study
These sources are likely to be stakeholders in a program - participants, other researchers, program staff, other community members, and so on.
Then we put all data in single framework & apply various statistical tools to find out the dynamic on the market.
During the analysis stage, feedback from the stakeholder groups would be compared to determine areas of agreement as well as areas of divergence